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Experimental Investigation and Predictive Modeling of Cumulative Plastic Deformation of Silty Sand Under Freeze–Thaw Cycles and Cyclic Loading.

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Title: Experimental Investigation and Predictive Modeling of Cumulative Plastic Deformation of Silty Sand Under Freeze–Thaw Cycles and Cyclic Loading.
Authors: Ma, Dongkai1 (AUTHOR), He, Zhongming1,2 (AUTHOR) hezhongming45@126.com, Li, Yiwei1,3 (AUTHOR), Yan, Zhenhong1 (AUTHOR), Huang, Chao2,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2461. 16p.
Subjects: Freeze-thaw cycles, Cyclic loads, Frozen ground, Prediction models, Sandy soils, Geotechnical engineering, Material plasticity
Geographic Terms: Inner Mongolia (China), China
Abstract: The long-term deformation and stability of silty sand roadbeds subjected to repeated freeze–thaw cycles and traffic loading remain ongoing engineering concerns in seasonally frozen regions. To investigate the evolution and influencing factors of accumulative axial plastic deformation of silty sand under freeze–thaw cycles, this study focused on silty sand from a roadbed construction site in Inner Mongolia, China, a typical seasonally frozen region. Dynamic triaxial tests were conducted under loading stresses of 60–100 kPa, confining pressures of 20–60 kPa, water contents ranging from OMC to 1.2 OMC, and freeze–thaw cycles of 0–10. The results indicate that approximately 60–80% of the total accumulative axial plastic deformation occurs within the first 1000 loading cycles, after which the deformation growth rate gradually decreases. Increases in loading stress, water content, and freeze–thaw cycles promote deformation, whereas higher confining pressures suppress it. For example, increasing the confining pressure from 20 to 60 kPa reduced the final deformation from 0.16% to 0.07%, while increasing the number of freeze–thaw cycles from 0 to 10 increased the final deformation from 0.10% to 0.28%. Based on the experimental data, a new predictive model considering net stress, octahedral shear stress, water content ratio, and freeze–thaw cycles was developed. The model demonstrates high accuracy in predicting accumulative plastic deformation, with a coefficient of determination of 0.915, and is applicable to both plastically stable and weakly plastic creep conditions. This study provides a reference for the design, construction, and mitigation of subgrade damage in silty sand roadbeds in seasonally frozen regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 194907535
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Experimental Investigation and Predictive Modeling of Cumulative Plastic Deformation of Silty Sand Under Freeze–Thaw Cycles and Cyclic Loading.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ma%2C+Dongkai%22">Ma, Dongkai</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22He%2C+Zhongming%22">He, Zhongming</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> hezhongming45@126.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Yiwei%22">Li, Yiwei</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yan%2C+Zhenhong%22">Yan, Zhenhong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Huang%2C+Chao%22">Huang, Chao</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2461. 16p.
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  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Freeze-thaw+cycles%22">Freeze-thaw cycles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cyclic+loads%22">Cyclic loads</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Frozen+ground%22">Frozen ground</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Prediction+models%22">Prediction models</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sandy+soils%22">Sandy soils</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Geotechnical+engineering%22">Geotechnical engineering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Material+plasticity%22">Material plasticity</searchLink>
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  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Inner+Mongolia+%28China%29%22">Inner Mongolia (China)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22China%22">China</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The long-term deformation and stability of silty sand roadbeds subjected to repeated freeze–thaw cycles and traffic loading remain ongoing engineering concerns in seasonally frozen regions. To investigate the evolution and influencing factors of accumulative axial plastic deformation of silty sand under freeze–thaw cycles, this study focused on silty sand from a roadbed construction site in Inner Mongolia, China, a typical seasonally frozen region. Dynamic triaxial tests were conducted under loading stresses of 60–100 kPa, confining pressures of 20–60 kPa, water contents ranging from OMC to 1.2 OMC, and freeze–thaw cycles of 0–10. The results indicate that approximately 60–80% of the total accumulative axial plastic deformation occurs within the first 1000 loading cycles, after which the deformation growth rate gradually decreases. Increases in loading stress, water content, and freeze–thaw cycles promote deformation, whereas higher confining pressures suppress it. For example, increasing the confining pressure from 20 to 60 kPa reduced the final deformation from 0.16% to 0.07%, while increasing the number of freeze–thaw cycles from 0 to 10 increased the final deformation from 0.10% to 0.28%. Based on the experimental data, a new predictive model considering net stress, octahedral shear stress, water content ratio, and freeze–thaw cycles was developed. The model demonstrates high accuracy in predicting accumulative plastic deformation, with a coefficient of determination of 0.915, and is applicable to both plastically stable and weakly plastic creep conditions. This study provides a reference for the design, construction, and mitigation of subgrade damage in silty sand roadbeds in seasonally frozen regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/ma19122461
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 2461
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Freeze-thaw cycles
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cyclic loads
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Frozen ground
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Prediction models
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sandy soils
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Geotechnical engineering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Material plasticity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Inner Mongolia (China)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: China
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Experimental Investigation and Predictive Modeling of Cumulative Plastic Deformation of Silty Sand Under Freeze–Thaw Cycles and Cyclic Loading.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Ma, Dongkai
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          Name:
            NameFull: He, Zhongming
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            NameFull: Li, Yiwei
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            NameFull: Yan, Zhenhong
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            NameFull: Huang, Chao
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          Dates:
            – D: 15
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 19961944
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              Value: 19
            – Type: issue
              Value: 12
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944)
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