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Dielectric Properties and Electromagnetic–Thermal–Moisture Coupling of Frozen Soil Under Microwave Irradiation.

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Title: Dielectric Properties and Electromagnetic–Thermal–Moisture Coupling of Frozen Soil Under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: He, Baoyi1 (AUTHOR), He, Zixin1,2 (AUTHOR), Chen, Zhuo3 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Yixiang3,4 (AUTHOR), Han, Hongge4,5 (AUTHOR) zhyx82@126.com, Li, Yu5,6 (AUTHOR) anshuaiwang@tju.edu.cn, Li, Zihan1 (AUTHOR), Zhao, Litao2,6 (AUTHOR), Wang, Anshuai3,4 (AUTHOR), Yu, Xuehui1,2,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2583. 26p.
Subjects: Dielectric properties, Microwave heating, Soil moisture, Computer simulation, Frozen ground, Electromagnetic coupling
Abstract: Highlights: Water content dominates dielectric response, a frequency governed by unfrozen water, ice and matrix; Three-stage heating; low water content leads to faster late-stage heating; loss is negatively linked to initial content; EM non-uniformity leads to hot-center field, coupled model reproduces evolution. To reveal the electromagnetic response characteristics and hydro-thermal evolution mechanism of frozen soil under microwave irradiation, we used remolded frozen soil prepared from undisturbed parent soil collected in Hegang, China, as the research object. We conducted dielectric parameter tests across the 715–1150 MHz and 2250–2650 MHz frequency bands and 1.5 kW microwave heating tests on specimens with three gravimetric water contents (15%, 20%, and 25%) paired with a coupled numerical simulation of electromagnetic field-heat transfer-moisture migration. The results show that water content is the dominant factor controlling the dielectric response of frozen soil. The dielectric loss and water content sensitivity of frozen soil in the low-frequency band (dominated by unfrozen water) are significantly higher than those in the high-frequency band (dominated by ice phase and soil matrix). Microwave-induced temperature rise exhibits a three-stage characteristic, as follows: slow temperature rise, isothermal plateau at the freezing point, and rapid temperature rise. Specimens with a lower initial water content show a higher temperature rise efficiency in the late heating stage, with a maximum rate of 1.112 °C·s−1 for the 15% water content specimen. Mass loss is negatively correlated with initial water content, with a maximum value of 1.8 g after 120 s of irradiation. In addition, the non-uniformity of the electromagnetic field results in a temperature field pattern characterized by a high-temperature core at the specimen center and lower temperatures at the edges. This study provides fundamental theoretical support and technical guidance for the application of microwave thawing technology in geotechnical engineering, particularly for frozen soil foundation treatment in cold regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Dielectric Properties and Electromagnetic–Thermal–Moisture Coupling of Frozen Soil Under Microwave Irradiation.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22He%2C+Baoyi%22">He, Baoyi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22He%2C+Zixin%22">He, Zixin</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Zhuo%22">Chen, Zhuo</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Yixiang%22">Zhang, Yixiang</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Han%2C+Hongge%22">Han, Hongge</searchLink><relatesTo>4,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zhyx82@126.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Yu%22">Li, Yu</searchLink><relatesTo>5,6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> anshuaiwang@tju.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Zihan%22">Li, Zihan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhao%2C+Litao%22">Zhao, Litao</searchLink><relatesTo>2,6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Anshuai%22">Wang, Anshuai</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Xuehui%22">Yu, Xuehui</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2583. 26p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dielectric+properties%22">Dielectric properties</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microwave+heating%22">Microwave heating</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+moisture%22">Soil moisture</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+simulation%22">Computer simulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Frozen+ground%22">Frozen ground</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electromagnetic+coupling%22">Electromagnetic coupling</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Highlights: Water content dominates dielectric response, a frequency governed by unfrozen water, ice and matrix; Three-stage heating; low water content leads to faster late-stage heating; loss is negatively linked to initial content; EM non-uniformity leads to hot-center field, coupled model reproduces evolution. To reveal the electromagnetic response characteristics and hydro-thermal evolution mechanism of frozen soil under microwave irradiation, we used remolded frozen soil prepared from undisturbed parent soil collected in Hegang, China, as the research object. We conducted dielectric parameter tests across the 715–1150 MHz and 2250–2650 MHz frequency bands and 1.5 kW microwave heating tests on specimens with three gravimetric water contents (15%, 20%, and 25%) paired with a coupled numerical simulation of electromagnetic field-heat transfer-moisture migration. The results show that water content is the dominant factor controlling the dielectric response of frozen soil. The dielectric loss and water content sensitivity of frozen soil in the low-frequency band (dominated by unfrozen water) are significantly higher than those in the high-frequency band (dominated by ice phase and soil matrix). Microwave-induced temperature rise exhibits a three-stage characteristic, as follows: slow temperature rise, isothermal plateau at the freezing point, and rapid temperature rise. Specimens with a lower initial water content show a higher temperature rise efficiency in the late heating stage, with a maximum rate of 1.112 °C·s−1 for the 15% water content specimen. Mass loss is negatively correlated with initial water content, with a maximum value of 1.8 g after 120 s of irradiation. In addition, the non-uniformity of the electromagnetic field results in a temperature field pattern characterized by a high-temperature core at the specimen center and lower temperatures at the edges. This study provides fundamental theoretical support and technical guidance for the application of microwave thawing technology in geotechnical engineering, particularly for frozen soil foundation treatment in cold regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/ma19122583
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 26
        StartPage: 2583
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Dielectric properties
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microwave heating
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil moisture
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer simulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Frozen ground
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electromagnetic coupling
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Dielectric Properties and Electromagnetic–Thermal–Moisture Coupling of Frozen Soil Under Microwave Irradiation.
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            NameFull: He, Baoyi
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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