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Shrinkage Stress, Polymerization Kinetics, and Hardness of Light and Self-Cured Bulk-Fill Resin-Based Composites.

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Title: Shrinkage Stress, Polymerization Kinetics, and Hardness of Light and Self-Cured Bulk-Fill Resin-Based Composites.
Authors: Decroos, Raphaël1,2 (AUTHOR), Maucoski, Cristiane2 (AUTHOR), MacNeil, Brett D.1,2,3 (AUTHOR), DeWolf, Darien1,3 (AUTHOR), Labrie, Daniel1,2 (AUTHOR), Price, Richard B.2,3 (AUTHOR) rbprice@dal.ca
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2623. 19p.
Subjects: Polymerization kinetics, Strains & stresses (Mechanics), Photopolymers, Hardness, Vickers hardness, Dental resins, Dental materials, Degree of polymerization
Abstract: Highlights: Shrinkage stress differed among the six resin-based composites. Self-cured resin-based composites developed stress more slowly. Degree of conversion and hardness did not correlate with shrinkage stress. The polymerization shrinkage stress (SS), degree of conversion (DC), and Vickers hardness (HV) are properties that can affect the performance of resin-based composites (RBCs). This study tested four bulk-fill RBCs used in self-cured mode: Bulk EZ Plus (Zest Dental Solutions), Cention Forte (Ivoclar), Fill-Up! (Coltene), and Stela (SDI Limited), and two light-cured bulk-fill RBCs: Filtek One (Solventum) and SDR flow+ (Dentsply). The test specimens were 6 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick. Axial SS was measured in real time for 4000 s in the self-cured materials and for 1400 s after 10 s of light curing in the light-cured materials (n = 12 for self-cured RBCs; n = 11 for light-cured RBCs). To confirm that the RBCs were adequately polymerized, the DC was assessed using real-time ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, and the HV was measured on the top and bottom surfaces using a 300-gf load for 8 s (n = 5) after 24 h. The SS, DC, and HV differed significantly among the RBCs (p < 0.001). At 1400 s, Cention Forte developed the lowest stress (1.44 MPa), whereas Bulk EZ Plus and Fill-Up! produced the highest stress (3.77 MPa). The self-cured materials continued to develop measurable stress between 1400 s and 4000 s, while the light-cured RBCs had stabilized at 1400 s. Bulk EZ Plus and Stela produced the highest DC values, and Stela had the highest HV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Shrinkage Stress, Polymerization Kinetics, and Hardness of Light and Self-Cured Bulk-Fill Resin-Based Composites.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22&quot;&gt;Materials (1996-1944)&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2623. 19p.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Highlights: Shrinkage stress differed among the six resin-based composites. Self-cured resin-based composites developed stress more slowly. Degree of conversion and hardness did not correlate with shrinkage stress. The polymerization shrinkage stress (SS), degree of conversion (DC), and Vickers hardness (HV) are properties that can affect the performance of resin-based composites (RBCs). This study tested four bulk-fill RBCs used in self-cured mode: Bulk EZ Plus (Zest Dental Solutions), Cention Forte (Ivoclar), Fill-Up! (Coltene), and Stela (SDI Limited), and two light-cured bulk-fill RBCs: Filtek One (Solventum) and SDR flow+ (Dentsply). The test specimens were 6 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick. Axial SS was measured in real time for 4000 s in the self-cured materials and for 1400 s after 10 s of light curing in the light-cured materials (n = 12 for self-cured RBCs; n = 11 for light-cured RBCs). To confirm that the RBCs were adequately polymerized, the DC was assessed using real-time ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, and the HV was measured on the top and bottom surfaces using a 300-gf load for 8 s (n = 5) after 24 h. The SS, DC, and HV differed significantly among the RBCs (p &lt; 0.001). At 1400 s, Cention Forte developed the lowest stress (1.44 MPa), whereas Bulk EZ Plus and Fill-Up! produced the highest stress (3.77 MPa). The self-cured materials continued to develop measurable stress between 1400 s and 4000 s, while the light-cured RBCs had stabilized at 1400 s. Bulk EZ Plus and Stela produced the highest DC values, and Stela had the highest HV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/ma19122623
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 19
        StartPage: 2623
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Polymerization kinetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Strains & stresses (Mechanics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Photopolymers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hardness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Vickers hardness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dental resins
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dental materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Degree of polymerization
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Shrinkage Stress, Polymerization Kinetics, and Hardness of Light and Self-Cured Bulk-Fill Resin-Based Composites.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Decroos, Raphaël
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            NameFull: Maucoski, Cristiane
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            NameFull: MacNeil, Brett D.
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            NameFull: DeWolf, Darien
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            NameFull: Labrie, Daniel
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19961944
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              Value: 19
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            – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944)
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