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Effects of Nb Content on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Deposited Metal in 960 MPa Grade Low-Alloy High-Strength Steel.

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Title: Effects of Nb Content on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Deposited Metal in 960 MPa Grade Low-Alloy High-Strength Steel.
Authors: Liu, Xuan1 (AUTHOR), Jin, Shuqiang1 (AUTHOR), Ji, Feiyang1 (AUTHOR), Yu, Lihua1 (AUTHOR) lhyu6@just.edu.cn, Xu, Junhua1 (AUTHOR) jhxu@just.edu.cn
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2647. 18p.
Subjects: Niobium, Microstructure, Martensite, Mechanical behavior of materials, Low alloy steel, Shielded metal arc welding, Strengthening mechanisms in solids, Grain refinement
Abstract: In this study, manual welding electrodes with varying niobium (Nb) contents (0, 0.05, and 0.1 wt%) were developed for 960 MPa grade low-alloy high-strength steel, and deposited metals were produced through multilayer multipass welding. Microstructural characterization and mechanical testing were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and a universal testing machine to investigate the influence of Nb content and elucidate the strengthening mechanisms. The results demonstrate that under identical welding conditions, multipass thermal cycles induced a primary microstructural transformation from martensite to tempered martensite in all deposited metals, which predominantly comprised tempered martensite with minor fractions of bainite and second-phase particles. Increasing Nb content led to significant grain refinement. The second-phase particles exhibited sizes of 0.158 μm, 0.176 μm, and 0.168 μm, respectively, with volume fractions of 5.69%, 5.82%, and 5.90%. Nb addition substantially enhanced hardness and strength while causing a noticeable reduction in low-temperature impact toughness, though the values remained within acceptable limits. The deposited metal containing 0.05 wt% Nb exhibited optimal comprehensive mechanical properties, with a hardness of 386.7 HV, tensile strength of 1060 MPa, yield strength of 962 MPa, and Charpy impact energies of 41.95 J and 33.17 J at −40 °C and −60 °C, respectively. Theoretical calculations revealed that the dislocation strengthening contribution in martensite increased from 526 MPa to 600 MPa with increasing Nb content, representing the dominant strengthening mechanism, while grain refinement strengthening increased from 135.5 MPa to 157.6 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Effects of Nb Content on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Deposited Metal in 960 MPa Grade Low-Alloy High-Strength Steel.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Xuan%22">Liu, Xuan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jin%2C+Shuqiang%22">Jin, Shuqiang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ji%2C+Feiyang%22">Ji, Feiyang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Lihua%22">Yu, Lihua</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> lhyu6@just.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Junhua%22">Xu, Junhua</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jhxu@just.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 19 Issue 12, p2647. 18p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Niobium%22">Niobium</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microstructure%22">Microstructure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Martensite%22">Martensite</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Low+alloy+steel%22">Low alloy steel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Shielded+metal+arc+welding%22">Shielded metal arc welding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Strengthening+mechanisms+in+solids%22">Strengthening mechanisms in solids</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grain+refinement%22">Grain refinement</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: In this study, manual welding electrodes with varying niobium (Nb) contents (0, 0.05, and 0.1 wt%) were developed for 960 MPa grade low-alloy high-strength steel, and deposited metals were produced through multilayer multipass welding. Microstructural characterization and mechanical testing were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and a universal testing machine to investigate the influence of Nb content and elucidate the strengthening mechanisms. The results demonstrate that under identical welding conditions, multipass thermal cycles induced a primary microstructural transformation from martensite to tempered martensite in all deposited metals, which predominantly comprised tempered martensite with minor fractions of bainite and second-phase particles. Increasing Nb content led to significant grain refinement. The second-phase particles exhibited sizes of 0.158 μm, 0.176 μm, and 0.168 μm, respectively, with volume fractions of 5.69%, 5.82%, and 5.90%. Nb addition substantially enhanced hardness and strength while causing a noticeable reduction in low-temperature impact toughness, though the values remained within acceptable limits. The deposited metal containing 0.05 wt% Nb exhibited optimal comprehensive mechanical properties, with a hardness of 386.7 HV, tensile strength of 1060 MPa, yield strength of 962 MPa, and Charpy impact energies of 41.95 J and 33.17 J at −40 °C and −60 °C, respectively. Theoretical calculations revealed that the dislocation strengthening contribution in martensite increased from 526 MPa to 600 MPa with increasing Nb content, representing the dominant strengthening mechanism, while grain refinement strengthening increased from 135.5 MPa to 157.6 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/ma19122647
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 18
        StartPage: 2647
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      – SubjectFull: Niobium
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microstructure
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      – SubjectFull: Martensite
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Low alloy steel
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Shielded metal arc welding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Strengthening mechanisms in solids
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Grain refinement
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      – TitleFull: Effects of Nb Content on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Deposited Metal in 960 MPa Grade Low-Alloy High-Strength Steel.
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            NameFull: Liu, Xuan
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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