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Influence of Chemical-Modified Cotton on Thermal Properties of Flexible Polyurethane Foams and Associated Fire Hazard.

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Title: Influence of Chemical-Modified Cotton on Thermal Properties of Flexible Polyurethane Foams and Associated Fire Hazard.
Authors: Głowacki, Arkadiusz1 (AUTHOR), Rybiński, Przemysław1,2 (AUTHOR), Żukowski, Witold2,3 (AUTHOR), Zawierucha, Anna1,4 (AUTHOR), Żelezik, Monika1,3 (AUTHOR), Subhan, Salaeh2,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p1432. 22p.
Subjects: Urethane foam, Flammability, Thermal stability, Thermal properties, Fireproofing agents, Cotton, Fire risk assessment, Boron compounds
Abstract: In this study, a new approach to improving the fire resistance of flexible polyurethane (PUR) foams is presented, based on the incorporation of cotton chemically modified with boron compounds into the polyurethane matrix. The developed system was additionally modified with melamine polyphosphate (MPP). The effects of the applied modifications on the morphology and chemical structure of the PUR composites were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Thermal stability was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, whereas fire hazard was assessed using cone calorimetry and a smoke optical density chamber. The toxicometric index (WLC50SM) was determined using a coupled TG-Omega 5 gas analyzer system. The results provide insight into the mechanism responsible for reducing flammability and limiting the emission of toxic combustion and thermal decomposition products through the modification of PUR foams with chemically modified cotton in combination with MPP. It was observed that, during the combustion of the developed PUR composites, the addition of cotton promotes the formation of a three-dimensional spatial network, which substantially limits heat release and the emission of toxic combustion products. Consequently, the composites exhibited a reduction in heat release of up to 67% in terms of HRRMAX, together with decreased production of HCN and CO. Nevertheless, the formation of a protective carbon layer contributed to an increase in smoke optical density, which was associated with increased CO2 emission. Overall, this work demonstrates the development of a new synergistic system capable of reducing both the flammability and toxicity of flexible PUR foams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 194908301
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Influence of Chemical-Modified Cotton on Thermal Properties of Flexible Polyurethane Foams and Associated Fire Hazard.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Głowacki%2C+Arkadiusz%22">Głowacki, Arkadiusz</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rybiński%2C+Przemysław%22">Rybiński, Przemysław</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Żukowski%2C+Witold%22">Żukowski, Witold</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zawierucha%2C+Anna%22">Zawierucha, Anna</searchLink><relatesTo>1,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Żelezik%2C+Monika%22">Żelezik, Monika</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Subhan%2C+Salaeh%22">Subhan, Salaeh</searchLink><relatesTo>2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p1432. 22p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Urethane+foam%22">Urethane foam</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flammability%22">Flammability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+stability%22">Thermal stability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+properties%22">Thermal properties</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fireproofing+agents%22">Fireproofing agents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cotton%22">Cotton</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fire+risk+assessment%22">Fire risk assessment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Boron+compounds%22">Boron compounds</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: In this study, a new approach to improving the fire resistance of flexible polyurethane (PUR) foams is presented, based on the incorporation of cotton chemically modified with boron compounds into the polyurethane matrix. The developed system was additionally modified with melamine polyphosphate (MPP). The effects of the applied modifications on the morphology and chemical structure of the PUR composites were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Thermal stability was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, whereas fire hazard was assessed using cone calorimetry and a smoke optical density chamber. The toxicometric index (WLC50SM) was determined using a coupled TG-Omega 5 gas analyzer system. The results provide insight into the mechanism responsible for reducing flammability and limiting the emission of toxic combustion and thermal decomposition products through the modification of PUR foams with chemically modified cotton in combination with MPP. It was observed that, during the combustion of the developed PUR composites, the addition of cotton promotes the formation of a three-dimensional spatial network, which substantially limits heat release and the emission of toxic combustion products. Consequently, the composites exhibited a reduction in heat release of up to 67% in terms of HRRMAX, together with decreased production of HCN and CO. Nevertheless, the formation of a protective carbon layer contributed to an increase in smoke optical density, which was associated with increased CO2 emission. Overall, this work demonstrates the development of a new synergistic system capable of reducing both the flammability and toxicity of flexible PUR foams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/polym18121432
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 22
        StartPage: 1432
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Urethane foam
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flammability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermal stability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermal properties
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fireproofing agents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cotton
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fire risk assessment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Boron compounds
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Influence of Chemical-Modified Cotton on Thermal Properties of Flexible Polyurethane Foams and Associated Fire Hazard.
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            NameFull: Głowacki, Arkadiusz
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            NameFull: Rybiński, Przemysław
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            NameFull: Żukowski, Witold
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            NameFull: Zawierucha, Anna
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            NameFull: Żelezik, Monika
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            – D: 15
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 18
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            – TitleFull: Polymers (20734360)
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