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Different Forms of the Adaptogen Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) in the Synthesis of RPU/PIR Foams.

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Title: Different Forms of the Adaptogen Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) in the Synthesis of RPU/PIR Foams.
Authors: Liszkowska, Joanna1 (AUTHOR) liszk@ukw.edu.pl, Miłek, Justyna2 (AUTHOR), Moraczewski, Krzysztof3 (AUTHOR), Szabliński, Krzysztof1,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p1471. 29p.
Subjects: Bacopa monnieri, Urethane foam, Flammability, Additives, Carbonization, Thermal resistance, Mechanical behavior of materials
Abstract: Various forms of Bacopa monnieri (BM), including original powder (Mp), tea form (Mo), and post-extraction residues (Mf), were used as natural bio-based additives in rigid polyurethane–polyisocyanurate (RPU/PIR) foams. The study investigated the influence of BM form and content on the physical, mechanical, thermal, and flammability properties of the foams. The results demonstrated that both the type and concentration of BM significantly affected foam performance. Foams containing Mf exhibited the lowest apparent density and reduced brittleness, whereas foams modified with Mp showed the highest compressive strength. The incorporation of BM also contributed to reduced flammability and enhanced thermal resistance of the foams. Thermal analysis indicated that BM additives modified the degradation behavior of RPU/PIR foams by promoting char formation and improving thermal stability at elevated temperatures. In particular, samples containing tea and post-extraction residues showed increased stability of the carbonized residue during the final degradation stage. The most favorable overall properties were obtained for BM contents between 3 and 7 wt%, while higher filler concentrations negatively affected the structural integrity of the foam matrix. The results confirm that the performance of RPU/PIR foams strongly depends on the balance between matrix continuity and biofiller functionality. The obtained materials show potential for application in floristry products and lightweight insulating systems where low density, dimensional stability, and enhanced thermal resistance are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Different Forms of the Adaptogen Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) in the Synthesis of RPU/PIR Foams.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liszkowska%2C+Joanna%22">Liszkowska, Joanna</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> liszk@ukw.edu.pl</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Miłek%2C+Justyna%22">Miłek, Justyna</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Moraczewski%2C+Krzysztof%22">Moraczewski, Krzysztof</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Szabliński%2C+Krzysztof%22">Szabliński, Krzysztof</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p1471. 29p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bacopa+monnieri%22">Bacopa monnieri</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Urethane+foam%22">Urethane foam</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flammability%22">Flammability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Additives%22">Additives</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbonization%22">Carbonization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+resistance%22">Thermal resistance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink>
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  Data: Various forms of Bacopa monnieri (BM), including original powder (Mp), tea form (Mo), and post-extraction residues (Mf), were used as natural bio-based additives in rigid polyurethane–polyisocyanurate (RPU/PIR) foams. The study investigated the influence of BM form and content on the physical, mechanical, thermal, and flammability properties of the foams. The results demonstrated that both the type and concentration of BM significantly affected foam performance. Foams containing Mf exhibited the lowest apparent density and reduced brittleness, whereas foams modified with Mp showed the highest compressive strength. The incorporation of BM also contributed to reduced flammability and enhanced thermal resistance of the foams. Thermal analysis indicated that BM additives modified the degradation behavior of RPU/PIR foams by promoting char formation and improving thermal stability at elevated temperatures. In particular, samples containing tea and post-extraction residues showed increased stability of the carbonized residue during the final degradation stage. The most favorable overall properties were obtained for BM contents between 3 and 7 wt%, while higher filler concentrations negatively affected the structural integrity of the foam matrix. The results confirm that the performance of RPU/PIR foams strongly depends on the balance between matrix continuity and biofiller functionality. The obtained materials show potential for application in floristry products and lightweight insulating systems where low density, dimensional stability, and enhanced thermal resistance are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/polym18121471
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 29
        StartPage: 1471
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      – SubjectFull: Bacopa monnieri
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Urethane foam
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      – SubjectFull: Flammability
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      – SubjectFull: Additives
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      – SubjectFull: Carbonization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermal resistance
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      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Different Forms of the Adaptogen Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) in the Synthesis of RPU/PIR Foams.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Liszkowska, Joanna
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            NameFull: Miłek, Justyna
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            NameFull: Moraczewski, Krzysztof
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            NameFull: Szabliński, Krzysztof
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            – D: 15
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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