Development and Characterization of High-Density Polyethylene/Polylactic Acid/Titanium Dioxide Composites for Pellet-Based 3D Printing.
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| Title: | Development and Characterization of High-Density Polyethylene/Polylactic Acid/Titanium Dioxide Composites for Pellet-Based 3D Printing. |
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| Authors: | Peter, Ildiko1 (AUTHOR), Craciun, Dan-Cristian2 (AUTHOR) craciun.dan-cristian.23@stud.umfst.ro, Pop, Mihai Alin3 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Polymers (20734360). Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p1475. 26p. |
| Subjects: | High density polyethylene, Polylactic acid, Titanium dioxide, Rapid prototyping, Three-dimensional printing, Mechanical behavior of materials, Composite materials, Thermal analysis |
| Abstract: | In the present study, the development of a high-density polyethylene/polylactic acid/titanium dioxide (HDPE–PLA–TiO2) composite proposed for pellet-based additive manufacturing and the evaluation of its thermal and mechanical behavior are presented and discussed. The study was designed to address the printability limitations of high-HDPE-content systems, particularly extrusion instability and weak interlayer adhesion. PLA was introduced to improve processing stability, while TiO2 was incorporated as an inorganic filler. The selected formulation allowed the production of filaments, pellets, and 3D-printed specimens. Thermal analysis indicated the absence of significant mass loss below approximately 300 °C under the applied thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) conditions, suggesting that no major mass-loss degradation occurred within the selected processing window. However, this result should be interpreted as macroscopic thermal stability and does not exclude possible molecular-level changes in PLA during processing. Tensile tests indicated strengths of 20–25 MPa for extruded filaments and 7.86–10.36 MPa for printed specimens, with an elastic modulus of approximately 2 GPa. Scanning Electron microscopy equipped with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) observations revealed a heterogeneous fracture morphology with cavities, microcracks, fibrillar structures, and local Ti-rich regions, supporting the influence of morphology and filler distribution on the mechanical response of the printed specimens. The results indicate improved printability, adequate thermal behavior for the selected processing conditions, and moderate but reproducible tensile performance, highlighting the potential of this formulation for pellet-based additive manufacturing applications where processability and rigidity are more relevant than maximum tensile strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 194908344 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Development and Characterization of High-Density Polyethylene/Polylactic Acid/Titanium Dioxide Composites for Pellet-Based 3D Printing. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Peter%2C+Ildiko%22">Peter, Ildiko</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Craciun%2C+Dan-Cristian%22">Craciun, Dan-Cristian</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> craciun.dan-cristian.23@stud.umfst.ro</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pop%2C+Mihai+Alin%22">Pop, Mihai Alin</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p1475. 26p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22High+density+polyethylene%22">High density polyethylene</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polylactic+acid%22">Polylactic acid</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Titanium+dioxide%22">Titanium dioxide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rapid+prototyping%22">Rapid prototyping</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Three-dimensional+printing%22">Three-dimensional printing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Composite+materials%22">Composite materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+analysis%22">Thermal analysis</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: In the present study, the development of a high-density polyethylene/polylactic acid/titanium dioxide (HDPE–PLA–TiO2) composite proposed for pellet-based additive manufacturing and the evaluation of its thermal and mechanical behavior are presented and discussed. The study was designed to address the printability limitations of high-HDPE-content systems, particularly extrusion instability and weak interlayer adhesion. PLA was introduced to improve processing stability, while TiO2 was incorporated as an inorganic filler. The selected formulation allowed the production of filaments, pellets, and 3D-printed specimens. Thermal analysis indicated the absence of significant mass loss below approximately 300 °C under the applied thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) conditions, suggesting that no major mass-loss degradation occurred within the selected processing window. However, this result should be interpreted as macroscopic thermal stability and does not exclude possible molecular-level changes in PLA during processing. Tensile tests indicated strengths of 20–25 MPa for extruded filaments and 7.86–10.36 MPa for printed specimens, with an elastic modulus of approximately 2 GPa. Scanning Electron microscopy equipped with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) observations revealed a heterogeneous fracture morphology with cavities, microcracks, fibrillar structures, and local Ti-rich regions, supporting the influence of morphology and filler distribution on the mechanical response of the printed specimens. The results indicate improved printability, adequate thermal behavior for the selected processing conditions, and moderate but reproducible tensile performance, highlighting the potential of this formulation for pellet-based additive manufacturing applications where processability and rigidity are more relevant than maximum tensile strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.3390/polym18121475 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 26 StartPage: 1475 Subjects: – SubjectFull: High density polyethylene Type: general – SubjectFull: Polylactic acid Type: general – SubjectFull: Titanium dioxide Type: general – SubjectFull: Rapid prototyping Type: general – SubjectFull: Three-dimensional printing Type: general – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials Type: general – SubjectFull: Composite materials Type: general – SubjectFull: Thermal analysis Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Development and Characterization of High-Density Polyethylene/Polylactic Acid/Titanium Dioxide Composites for Pellet-Based 3D Printing. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Peter, Ildiko – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Craciun, Dan-Cristian – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Pop, Mihai Alin IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 15 M: 06 Text: Jun2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 20734360 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 18 – Type: issue Value: 12 Titles: – TitleFull: Polymers (20734360) Type: main |
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