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Multi-PCM Lime Mortars Incorporating Polymer-Shell and Form-Stable Phase Change Materials for Energy-Efficient Building Envelopes.

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Title: Multi-PCM Lime Mortars Incorporating Polymer-Shell and Form-Stable Phase Change Materials for Energy-Efficient Building Envelopes.
Authors: Rubio-Aguinaga, Andrea1 (AUTHOR), Kyriakou, Loucas1 (AUTHOR), Fernández, José María1 (AUTHOR), Navarro-Blasco, Íñigo1 (AUTHOR), Álvarez, José Ignacio1 (AUTHOR) jalvarez@unav.es
Source: Polymers (20734360). Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p1481. 44p.
Subjects: Phase change materials, Mortar, Building envelopes, Construction materials, Heat storage, Microencapsulation
Abstract: This study investigates the design and performance of lime mortars incorporating multi-phase change material (multi-PCM) systems as thermally responsive rendering materials for building-envelope applications under variable conditions. Moving beyond conventional single-PCM lime mortar approaches, this work proposes a controlled multi-PCM design framework in which a fixed total PCM dosage is distributed across selected phase-transition windows. Mortars combining PCMs with different transition temperatures (5–25 °C and 18–25 °C) were produced using two PCM types: silica-supported form-stable systems and polymeric-shell microencapsulated systems supplied as powders or aqueous slurries. All formulations contained 20% PCM and were optimized with polymeric additives, including a polycarboxylate ether-based superplasticiser and a starch-derived adhesion enhancer, to ensure suitable workability and applicability as rendering materials. Microstructural analyses showed that form-stable PCMs generated more heterogeneous pore structures, whereas polymeric-shell microencapsulated systems maintained pore structures similar to PCM-free mortars. Mortars containing metakaolin exhibited enhanced mechanical performance and durability, in some cases outperforming reference mortars, highlighting the importance of matrix refinement in the successful incorporation of multi-PCM systems. Thermal characterization revealed that form-stable systems produced broader phase transitions due to component interactions, while polymeric-shell microencapsulation preserved distinct transitions and enabled a wider, more controllable activation range. Under dynamic thermal conditions (−10 to 50 °C), all multi-PCM mortars demonstrated effective temperature buffering, achieving reductions of up to 1.5 °C during heating and 1.1 °C during cooling. Environmental and economic analyses highlighted that the benefits of PCM incorporation depend on matching PCM transition temperatures to specific climatic and application requirements. These findings position multi-PCM lime mortars as a promising route towards climate-adapted, thermally responsive renders with distributed and tailorable activation profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Multi-PCM Lime Mortars Incorporating Polymer-Shell and Form-Stable Phase Change Materials for Energy-Efficient Building Envelopes.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rubio-Aguinaga%2C+Andrea%22">Rubio-Aguinaga, Andrea</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kyriakou%2C+Loucas%22">Kyriakou, Loucas</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fernández%2C+José+María%22">Fernández, José María</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Navarro-Blasco%2C+Íñigo%22">Navarro-Blasco, Íñigo</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Álvarez%2C+José+Ignacio%22">Álvarez, José Ignacio</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jalvarez@unav.es</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p1481. 44p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phase+change+materials%22">Phase change materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mortar%22">Mortar</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Building+envelopes%22">Building envelopes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Construction+materials%22">Construction materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+storage%22">Heat storage</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microencapsulation%22">Microencapsulation</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study investigates the design and performance of lime mortars incorporating multi-phase change material (multi-PCM) systems as thermally responsive rendering materials for building-envelope applications under variable conditions. Moving beyond conventional single-PCM lime mortar approaches, this work proposes a controlled multi-PCM design framework in which a fixed total PCM dosage is distributed across selected phase-transition windows. Mortars combining PCMs with different transition temperatures (5–25 °C and 18–25 °C) were produced using two PCM types: silica-supported form-stable systems and polymeric-shell microencapsulated systems supplied as powders or aqueous slurries. All formulations contained 20% PCM and were optimized with polymeric additives, including a polycarboxylate ether-based superplasticiser and a starch-derived adhesion enhancer, to ensure suitable workability and applicability as rendering materials. Microstructural analyses showed that form-stable PCMs generated more heterogeneous pore structures, whereas polymeric-shell microencapsulated systems maintained pore structures similar to PCM-free mortars. Mortars containing metakaolin exhibited enhanced mechanical performance and durability, in some cases outperforming reference mortars, highlighting the importance of matrix refinement in the successful incorporation of multi-PCM systems. Thermal characterization revealed that form-stable systems produced broader phase transitions due to component interactions, while polymeric-shell microencapsulation preserved distinct transitions and enabled a wider, more controllable activation range. Under dynamic thermal conditions (−10 to 50 °C), all multi-PCM mortars demonstrated effective temperature buffering, achieving reductions of up to 1.5 °C during heating and 1.1 °C during cooling. Environmental and economic analyses highlighted that the benefits of PCM incorporation depend on matching PCM transition temperatures to specific climatic and application requirements. These findings position multi-PCM lime mortars as a promising route towards climate-adapted, thermally responsive renders with distributed and tailorable activation profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/polym18121481
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 44
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mortar
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      – SubjectFull: Building envelopes
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      – SubjectFull: Construction materials
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      – SubjectFull: Heat storage
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      – SubjectFull: Microencapsulation
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Multi-PCM Lime Mortars Incorporating Polymer-Shell and Form-Stable Phase Change Materials for Energy-Efficient Building Envelopes.
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            NameFull: Rubio-Aguinaga, Andrea
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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