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Synthesis and Comparative Investigation of Ortho -, Meta -, and Para -Carboxyphenylmaleimide–Styrene Copolymers.

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Title: Synthesis and Comparative Investigation of Ortho -, Meta -, and Para -Carboxyphenylmaleimide–Styrene Copolymers.
Authors: Guliyeva, Shahana1 (AUTHOR) guliyevashahana86@mail.ru, Alikhanova, Aygun2 (AUTHOR), Garaev, Eldar1,3 (AUTHOR), Yusifova, Jamila1,4 (AUTHOR), Herbette, Gaëtan1,3 (AUTHOR), Florent, Maxime2,4 (AUTHOR), Mammadov, Bakhtiyar2,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p1507. 23p.
Subjects: Copolymerization, Structural isomers, Polystyrene, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Polymerization, Rheology, Anti-infective agents, Thermal stability
Abstract: The copolymerization of biologically active N-(carboxyphenyl)maleimides with styrene was systematically investigated to elucidate the effect of positional isomerism (ortho-, meta-, and para-) on monomer reactivity and copolymer properties. Reactivity ratios (r1, r2) were determined using the Fineman–Ross method, and Q–e parameters were evaluated within the Alfrey–Price framework, revealing distinct electronic effects governing copolymerization behavior. Increasing the maleimide fraction in the feed resulted in decreased copolymer yield, intrinsic viscosity, molecular weight, and glass transition temperature, while all copolymers remained styrene-rich, indicating preferential styrene propagation. Comprehensive structural characterization (NMR, FTIR, and UV–Vis) confirmed successful incorporation of both monomer units. Rheological analysis demonstrated a clear viscosity trend (ortho > meta > para), highlighting the influence of substituent position on chain interactions and macromolecular architecture. Thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) showed good thermal stability up to 250–300 °C. Notably, the copolymers exhibited significant antibacterial and antifungal activity, with maximum inhibition observed against Candida albicans. This study establishes a direct correlation between substituent position and structure–property relationships, providing new insights for the rational design of functional styrenic copolymers with potential applications in antimicrobial and biomedical materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Synthesis and Comparative Investigation of Ortho -, Meta -, and Para -Carboxyphenylmaleimide–Styrene Copolymers.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p1507. 23p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Copolymerization%22">Copolymerization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Structural+isomers%22">Structural isomers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polystyrene%22">Polystyrene</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nuclear+magnetic+resonance+spectroscopy%22">Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polymerization%22">Polymerization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rheology%22">Rheology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anti-infective+agents%22">Anti-infective agents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+stability%22">Thermal stability</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: The copolymerization of biologically active N-(carboxyphenyl)maleimides with styrene was systematically investigated to elucidate the effect of positional isomerism (ortho-, meta-, and para-) on monomer reactivity and copolymer properties. Reactivity ratios (r1, r2) were determined using the Fineman–Ross method, and Q–e parameters were evaluated within the Alfrey–Price framework, revealing distinct electronic effects governing copolymerization behavior. Increasing the maleimide fraction in the feed resulted in decreased copolymer yield, intrinsic viscosity, molecular weight, and glass transition temperature, while all copolymers remained styrene-rich, indicating preferential styrene propagation. Comprehensive structural characterization (NMR, FTIR, and UV–Vis) confirmed successful incorporation of both monomer units. Rheological analysis demonstrated a clear viscosity trend (ortho > meta > para), highlighting the influence of substituent position on chain interactions and macromolecular architecture. Thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) showed good thermal stability up to 250–300 °C. Notably, the copolymers exhibited significant antibacterial and antifungal activity, with maximum inhibition observed against Candida albicans. This study establishes a direct correlation between substituent position and structure–property relationships, providing new insights for the rational design of functional styrenic copolymers with potential applications in antimicrobial and biomedical materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/polym18121507
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Polystyrene
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      – SubjectFull: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
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      – SubjectFull: Polymerization
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      – SubjectFull: Rheology
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
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