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Advanced Digital Imaging Assessment Method for Testing Surface Fuzzing in Textile Materials.

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Title: Advanced Digital Imaging Assessment Method for Testing Surface Fuzzing in Textile Materials.
Authors: Živičnjak, Juro1 (AUTHOR), Tomljenović, Antoneta1,2 (AUTHOR) antoneta.tomljenovic@ttf.unizg.hr, Somogyi Škoc, Maja1 (AUTHOR), Penava, Željko2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p1532. 28p.
Subjects: Digital image processing, Pilling (Textiles), Materials analysis, Textiles, Quantitative research
Abstract: Textile materials made from staple fibers typically have protruding fibers on their surface, commonly referred to as surface hairiness. During fraying, the surface of the textile material is susceptible to damage, which affects its appearance and leads to fuzzing by roughening or the emergence of new fibers. The propensity for fuzzing is assessed using the standard visual method (EN ISO 12945-4:2020), which is intuitive and cost-effective but better suited for evaluating more pronounced surface phenomena, such as pilling. This is mainly because fuzzing is usually accompanied by pilling, and their simultaneous occurrence makes separate analysis difficult. As a result, instrumental methods for assessing fuzzing that provide a more objective evaluation are rarely reported. In this research, an advanced digital imaging assessment method was introduced, using an innovative apparatus that, with simultaneous assessment of pilling, enabled separate digital imaging of the same textile fabric specimen's surface fuzzing through a refined viewing angle. Additionally, newly developed software enabled digital analysis and acquisition of quantitative numerical values related to surface fuzzing. The research was conducted on six single-component woven fabrics made from cotton, wool, viscose, polyamide 6.6, polyester, and acrylic. Fuzzing was induced using an ICI tester (EN ISO 12945-1:2020) and a Martindale tester (EN ISO 12945-2:2020) through predefined box revolutions and fuzzing rubs ranging from 125 to 30,000. Fuzzing was assessed using both the standard visual method and the advanced digital imaging assessment method, with grading according to established classes based on the percentage change in fuzzing layer height. The results highlight the applicability of the advanced digital assessment method, as it separately captures the occurrence of fuzzing and distinguishes it from pilling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Advanced Digital Imaging Assessment Method for Testing Surface Fuzzing in Textile Materials.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Živičnjak%2C+Juro%22">Živičnjak, Juro</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tomljenović%2C+Antoneta%22">Tomljenović, Antoneta</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> antoneta.tomljenovic@ttf.unizg.hr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Somogyi+Škoc%2C+Maja%22">Somogyi Škoc, Maja</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Penava%2C+Željko%22">Penava, Željko</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p1532. 28p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Digital+image+processing%22">Digital image processing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pilling+%28Textiles%29%22">Pilling (Textiles)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Materials+analysis%22">Materials analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Textiles%22">Textiles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Quantitative+research%22">Quantitative research</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Textile materials made from staple fibers typically have protruding fibers on their surface, commonly referred to as surface hairiness. During fraying, the surface of the textile material is susceptible to damage, which affects its appearance and leads to fuzzing by roughening or the emergence of new fibers. The propensity for fuzzing is assessed using the standard visual method (EN ISO 12945-4:2020), which is intuitive and cost-effective but better suited for evaluating more pronounced surface phenomena, such as pilling. This is mainly because fuzzing is usually accompanied by pilling, and their simultaneous occurrence makes separate analysis difficult. As a result, instrumental methods for assessing fuzzing that provide a more objective evaluation are rarely reported. In this research, an advanced digital imaging assessment method was introduced, using an innovative apparatus that, with simultaneous assessment of pilling, enabled separate digital imaging of the same textile fabric specimen's surface fuzzing through a refined viewing angle. Additionally, newly developed software enabled digital analysis and acquisition of quantitative numerical values related to surface fuzzing. The research was conducted on six single-component woven fabrics made from cotton, wool, viscose, polyamide 6.6, polyester, and acrylic. Fuzzing was induced using an ICI tester (EN ISO 12945-1:2020) and a Martindale tester (EN ISO 12945-2:2020) through predefined box revolutions and fuzzing rubs ranging from 125 to 30,000. Fuzzing was assessed using both the standard visual method and the advanced digital imaging assessment method, with grading according to established classes based on the percentage change in fuzzing layer height. The results highlight the applicability of the advanced digital assessment method, as it separately captures the occurrence of fuzzing and distinguishes it from pilling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/polym18121532
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pilling (Textiles)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Materials analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Textiles
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      – SubjectFull: Quantitative research
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      – TitleFull: Advanced Digital Imaging Assessment Method for Testing Surface Fuzzing in Textile Materials.
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            NameFull: Živičnjak, Juro
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            NameFull: Tomljenović, Antoneta
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            NameFull: Somogyi Škoc, Maja
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            – D: 15
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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