Mechanical Properties of PUR and Latex Foams as Predictors for Seating or Lying Comfort.
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| Title: | Mechanical Properties of PUR and Latex Foams as Predictors for Seating or Lying Comfort. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Vlaović, Zoran1 (AUTHOR), Domljan, Danijela1 (AUTHOR), Gržan, Tomislav1 (AUTHOR) tgrzan@sumfak.unizg.hr, Mihulja, Goran1 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Polymers (20734360). Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p1549. 13p. |
| Subjects: | Urethane foam, Seating (Furniture), Elasticity, Sofas, Mechanical behavior of materials, Foamed materials |
| Abstract: | Flexible polyurethane (PUR) foams and latex rubber foams are widely used in furniture and mattress cushioning, yet conventional standardized mechanical tests only partially capture comfort-relevant behavior, particularly in layered constructions where material interactions and sequencing can alter elastic response. This study aimed to compare the mechanical (elastic) properties of selected three-layer composites of approximately 60 mm thickness (composed of conventional PUR, high-resilience PUR, low-resilience PUR, and latex foam) and to preliminarily assess whether combining foam types improves support of such setup and whether changing layer order modifies elasticity and support. Indentation hardness testing of multilayer cushions was conducted by ISO 2439:2008 Method E. Six three-layer systems (Alpha–Zeta) were assembled in two groups. Group X showed nearly identical support factors (2.6–2.7), high recovery (64.3–66.2%), low hysteresis loss (24.3–24.5%), and overlapping force–indentation (IFD) curves, indicating minimal effect of layer order and dominance of the PUR layers. Group Y exhibited higher but more sequence-dependent support (3.1–3.7), markedly reduced, wider range recovery (30.0–45.9%), increased hysteresis (33.0–34.7%), and more dispersed IFD curves. Placing high-resilience foam at the top partially improve recovery, whereas locating low-resilience foam at the surface increase energy loss. The research contributes in part to the body of knowledge about the behavior of the tested materials according to standardized rules. These preliminary results can be compared with other research findings and used in the preparation of testing models for multilayer foam composites, thereby generating new knowledge to improve the design of future experiments, which will result in increased sitting and lying comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 194908418 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Mechanical Properties of PUR and Latex Foams as Predictors for Seating or Lying Comfort. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Vlaović%2C+Zoran%22">Vlaović, Zoran</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Domljan%2C+Danijela%22">Domljan, Danijela</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gržan%2C+Tomislav%22">Gržan, Tomislav</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> tgrzan@sumfak.unizg.hr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mihulja%2C+Goran%22">Mihulja, Goran</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p1549. 13p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Urethane+foam%22">Urethane foam</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Seating+%28Furniture%29%22">Seating (Furniture)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Elasticity%22">Elasticity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sofas%22">Sofas</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foamed+materials%22">Foamed materials</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Flexible polyurethane (PUR) foams and latex rubber foams are widely used in furniture and mattress cushioning, yet conventional standardized mechanical tests only partially capture comfort-relevant behavior, particularly in layered constructions where material interactions and sequencing can alter elastic response. This study aimed to compare the mechanical (elastic) properties of selected three-layer composites of approximately 60 mm thickness (composed of conventional PUR, high-resilience PUR, low-resilience PUR, and latex foam) and to preliminarily assess whether combining foam types improves support of such setup and whether changing layer order modifies elasticity and support. Indentation hardness testing of multilayer cushions was conducted by ISO 2439:2008 Method E. Six three-layer systems (Alpha–Zeta) were assembled in two groups. Group X showed nearly identical support factors (2.6–2.7), high recovery (64.3–66.2%), low hysteresis loss (24.3–24.5%), and overlapping force–indentation (IFD) curves, indicating minimal effect of layer order and dominance of the PUR layers. Group Y exhibited higher but more sequence-dependent support (3.1–3.7), markedly reduced, wider range recovery (30.0–45.9%), increased hysteresis (33.0–34.7%), and more dispersed IFD curves. Placing high-resilience foam at the top partially improve recovery, whereas locating low-resilience foam at the surface increase energy loss. The research contributes in part to the body of knowledge about the behavior of the tested materials according to standardized rules. These preliminary results can be compared with other research findings and used in the preparation of testing models for multilayer foam composites, thereby generating new knowledge to improve the design of future experiments, which will result in increased sitting and lying comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
| PLink | https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=egs&AN=194908418 |
| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.3390/polym18121549 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 13 StartPage: 1549 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Urethane foam Type: general – SubjectFull: Seating (Furniture) Type: general – SubjectFull: Elasticity Type: general – SubjectFull: Sofas Type: general – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials Type: general – SubjectFull: Foamed materials Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Mechanical Properties of PUR and Latex Foams as Predictors for Seating or Lying Comfort. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Vlaović, Zoran – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Domljan, Danijela – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Gržan, Tomislav – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Mihulja, Goran IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 15 M: 06 Text: Jun2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 20734360 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 18 – Type: issue Value: 12 Titles: – TitleFull: Polymers (20734360) Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
