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A Geometry-Induced Lower Bound for Plane-Based Image Registration Error in High-Resolution Satellite Imagery.

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Title: A Geometry-Induced Lower Bound for Plane-Based Image Registration Error in High-Resolution Satellite Imagery.
Authors: Koh, Jin-Woo1 (AUTHOR) xinu@add.re.kr, Sung, HyunSeong1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Remote Sensing. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p1889. 21p.
Subjects: Image registration, Geometry, Mathematical formulas, Error analysis in mathematics, Remote-sensing images, Imaging systems, High resolution imaging
Abstract: Highlights: What are the main findings? A closed-form expression for a geometry-induced lower bound of the plane-based image registration error is derived. The lower bound is formulated as a function of incidence angles, convergence angle, and height offset. The experimental results show that the derived lower bound is satisfied in nearly all cases, with only a few marginal deviations attributable to measurement uncertainty. What are the implications of the main findings? Imaging geometry imposes a fundamental lower bound on the plane-based registration error. The proposed lower bound provides a useful reference for interpreting image registration performance in high-resolution satellite imagery. Image registration accuracy is strongly influenced by imaging geometry, yet this effect has not been explicitly characterized in a closed-form expression under practical plane-based image registration conditions. This paper establishes a geometry-induced lower bound on the image registration error within a plane-based image registration framework. While prior work has primarily focused on improving accuracy through algorithmic advancements, we show that the residual registration error under practical 2D registration conditions is fundamentally influenced by imaging geometry and height variation, regardless of the image registration performance. A closed-form expression of the lower bound is derived as a function of imaging geometry and height offset. The formulation explicitly characterizes how geometric configuration governs displacement in the reference image space or registration plane. The analysis reveals that, even under reliable matching conditions, residual errors may persist due to the inherent coupling between viewing geometry and elevation variation. The derived bound is validated using multiple image pairs acquired under different geometric configurations. The experimental results show that the formulation captures the dominant geometric effect. The proposed formulation provides a practical and interpretable geometric reference for analyzing registration accuracy under varying imaging configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: A Geometry-Induced Lower Bound for Plane-Based Image Registration Error in High-Resolution Satellite Imagery.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Remote+Sensing%22">Remote Sensing</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p1889. 21p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Image+registration%22">Image registration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Geometry%22">Geometry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematical+formulas%22">Mathematical formulas</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Error+analysis+in+mathematics%22">Error analysis in mathematics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Remote-sensing+images%22">Remote-sensing images</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Imaging+systems%22">Imaging systems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22High+resolution+imaging%22">High resolution imaging</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Highlights: What are the main findings? A closed-form expression for a geometry-induced lower bound of the plane-based image registration error is derived. The lower bound is formulated as a function of incidence angles, convergence angle, and height offset. The experimental results show that the derived lower bound is satisfied in nearly all cases, with only a few marginal deviations attributable to measurement uncertainty. What are the implications of the main findings? Imaging geometry imposes a fundamental lower bound on the plane-based registration error. The proposed lower bound provides a useful reference for interpreting image registration performance in high-resolution satellite imagery. Image registration accuracy is strongly influenced by imaging geometry, yet this effect has not been explicitly characterized in a closed-form expression under practical plane-based image registration conditions. This paper establishes a geometry-induced lower bound on the image registration error within a plane-based image registration framework. While prior work has primarily focused on improving accuracy through algorithmic advancements, we show that the residual registration error under practical 2D registration conditions is fundamentally influenced by imaging geometry and height variation, regardless of the image registration performance. A closed-form expression of the lower bound is derived as a function of imaging geometry and height offset. The formulation explicitly characterizes how geometric configuration governs displacement in the reference image space or registration plane. The analysis reveals that, even under reliable matching conditions, residual errors may persist due to the inherent coupling between viewing geometry and elevation variation. The derived bound is validated using multiple image pairs acquired under different geometric configurations. The experimental results show that the formulation captures the dominant geometric effect. The proposed formulation provides a practical and interpretable geometric reference for analyzing registration accuracy under varying imaging configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/rs18121889
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Geometry
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      – SubjectFull: Mathematical formulas
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Error analysis in mathematics
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      – SubjectFull: Remote-sensing images
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      – SubjectFull: Imaging systems
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              Text: Jun2026
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              Y: 2026
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