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Unequal Burdens: Land Tenure and Agricultural Losses in the 2019 Lower Mississippi River Floods.

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Title: Unequal Burdens: Land Tenure and Agricultural Losses in the 2019 Lower Mississippi River Floods.
Authors: Marfo, Jephthah Nimoh1 (AUTHOR), Ambinakudige, Shrinidhi1 (AUTHOR) ssa60@msstate.edu
Source: Remote Sensing. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p2022. 23p.
Subjects: Land tenure, Crop losses, Floods, Cotton, Corn, Soybean, Flood damage prevention
Geographic Terms: Mississippi River, Delta (Miss. : Region), Mississippi, United States
Abstract: Highlights: What are the main findings? Small land parcels are more vulnerable to floods in the Delta, experiencing greater proportional impacts than larger farms. Soybeans were most affected by flooding, especially in May followed by corn and cotton. What are the implications of the main findings? Flood mitigation efforts should prioritize small land parcels in the Delta to reduce production losses. Target adaptation strategies to flooding vulnerabilities for soybeans, corn, and cotton. The 2019 Mississippi River floods were among the most severe in recent U.S. history, impacting 11 states and driven by multiple tributary flood events rather than a single episode. This study focuses on the Lower Mississippi River Basin in Mississippi, examining how flood frequency interacts with land ownership patterns to influence agricultural losses in the Yazoo–Mississippi Delta. Using Sentinel-2 imagery within Google Earth Engine, land use and land cover were classified with a random forest algorithm, followed by change detection and a flood recurrence–persistence modeling framework to map and characterize inundation. Results indicate that mid-year floods (April–July) caused the greatest crop losses, particularly in soybeans (4475 ha), cotton (501 ha), and corn (546 ha). Most impacts were associated with short-duration, low-recurrence floods, which affected many structures (1812) and extensive agricultural areas due to their broad spatial reach. Small agricultural parcels (≤48 ha) experienced the highest proportional exposure across flood zones, while medium and large parcels showed comparatively lower vulnerability. These findings highlight the importance of targeted resilience and mitigation strategies that account for flood frequency, land use, and land ownership patterns across the Delta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Unequal Burdens: Land Tenure and Agricultural Losses in the 2019 Lower Mississippi River Floods.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marfo%2C+Jephthah+Nimoh%22">Marfo, Jephthah Nimoh</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ambinakudige%2C+Shrinidhi%22">Ambinakudige, Shrinidhi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> ssa60@msstate.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Remote+Sensing%22">Remote Sensing</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p2022. 23p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Land+tenure%22">Land tenure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Crop+losses%22">Crop losses</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Floods%22">Floods</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cotton%22">Cotton</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Corn%22">Corn</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soybean%22">Soybean</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flood+damage+prevention%22">Flood damage prevention</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mississippi+River%22">Mississippi River</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Delta+%28Miss%2E+%3A+Region%29%22">Delta (Miss. : Region)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mississippi%22">Mississippi</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22United+States%22">United States</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Highlights: What are the main findings? Small land parcels are more vulnerable to floods in the Delta, experiencing greater proportional impacts than larger farms. Soybeans were most affected by flooding, especially in May followed by corn and cotton. What are the implications of the main findings? Flood mitigation efforts should prioritize small land parcels in the Delta to reduce production losses. Target adaptation strategies to flooding vulnerabilities for soybeans, corn, and cotton. The 2019 Mississippi River floods were among the most severe in recent U.S. history, impacting 11 states and driven by multiple tributary flood events rather than a single episode. This study focuses on the Lower Mississippi River Basin in Mississippi, examining how flood frequency interacts with land ownership patterns to influence agricultural losses in the Yazoo–Mississippi Delta. Using Sentinel-2 imagery within Google Earth Engine, land use and land cover were classified with a random forest algorithm, followed by change detection and a flood recurrence–persistence modeling framework to map and characterize inundation. Results indicate that mid-year floods (April–July) caused the greatest crop losses, particularly in soybeans (4475 ha), cotton (501 ha), and corn (546 ha). Most impacts were associated with short-duration, low-recurrence floods, which affected many structures (1812) and extensive agricultural areas due to their broad spatial reach. Small agricultural parcels (≤48 ha) experienced the highest proportional exposure across flood zones, while medium and large parcels showed comparatively lower vulnerability. These findings highlight the importance of targeted resilience and mitigation strategies that account for flood frequency, land use, and land ownership patterns across the Delta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/rs18122022
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 23
        StartPage: 2022
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      – SubjectFull: Land tenure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Crop losses
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Floods
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cotton
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Corn
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soybean
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flood damage prevention
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mississippi River
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Delta (Miss. : Region)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mississippi
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: United States
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Unequal Burdens: Land Tenure and Agricultural Losses in the 2019 Lower Mississippi River Floods.
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            NameFull: Ambinakudige, Shrinidhi
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              Text: Jun2026
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              Y: 2026
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