Sequence Labeling for Constituent Parsing: A Comparative Study and Encoding Innovations.

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Title: Sequence Labeling for Constituent Parsing: A Comparative Study and Encoding Innovations.
Authors: Roca, Diego1 (AUTHOR) d.roca1@udc.es, Vilares, David1 (AUTHOR) david.vilares@udc.es, Gómez-Rodríguez, Carlos1 (AUTHOR) carlos.gomez@udc.es
Source: Computational Linguistics. Jun2026, Vol. 52 Issue 2, p495-539. 45p.
Subjects: Encoding, Parsing (Grammar), Artificial neural networks, Computational linguistics, Natural language processing, Evaluation methodology
Abstract: Various encodings have been proposed to cast constituent parsing in terms of a sequence labeling task. However, unlike in the case of dependency parsing, existing comparisons have not been entirely homogeneous and, to the best of our knowledge, there is no systematic evaluation of these encodings under uniform configurations. A homogeneous evaluation needs to account for various aspects that could influence results, either by controlling for these aspects to ensure uniformity (e.g., network architecture, parameter settings, postprocessing of ill-formed output), or by systematically analyzing their impact (e.g., the impact of binary versus arbitrary structures). In this article, we: (1) compare different encodings comprehensively both theoretically and empirically, on a modern neural architecture and across nine languages, and (2) introduce new encodings and variants, including an encoding that our analysis finds particularly accurate and compact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Computational Linguistics is the property of MIT Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Sequence Labeling for Constituent Parsing: A Comparative Study and Encoding Innovations.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Encoding%22">Encoding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parsing+%28Grammar%29%22">Parsing (Grammar)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Artificial+neural+networks%22">Artificial neural networks</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computational+linguistics%22">Computational linguistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Natural+language+processing%22">Natural language processing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Evaluation+methodology%22">Evaluation methodology</searchLink>
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  Data: Various encodings have been proposed to cast constituent parsing in terms of a sequence labeling task. However, unlike in the case of dependency parsing, existing comparisons have not been entirely homogeneous and, to the best of our knowledge, there is no systematic evaluation of these encodings under uniform configurations. A homogeneous evaluation needs to account for various aspects that could influence results, either by controlling for these aspects to ensure uniformity (e.g., network architecture, parameter settings, postprocessing of ill-formed output), or by systematically analyzing their impact (e.g., the impact of binary versus arbitrary structures). In this article, we: (1) compare different encodings comprehensively both theoretically and empirically, on a modern neural architecture and across nine languages, and (2) introduce new encodings and variants, including an encoding that our analysis finds particularly accurate and compact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Computational Linguistics is the property of MIT Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1162/COLI.a.603
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 45
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      – SubjectFull: Encoding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Parsing (Grammar)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Artificial neural networks
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      – SubjectFull: Computational linguistics
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      – SubjectFull: Natural language processing
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      – SubjectFull: Evaluation methodology
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      – TitleFull: Sequence Labeling for Constituent Parsing: A Comparative Study and Encoding Innovations.
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            NameFull: Vilares, David
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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