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Sustainable Flame Retardant System with Thermomechanically Modified Stinging Nettle Tailored for Polyamide 12.

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Title: Sustainable Flame Retardant System with Thermomechanically Modified Stinging Nettle Tailored for Polyamide 12.
Authors: Rutkowska, Daria1 (AUTHOR) daria.rutkowska3.dokt@pw.edu.pl, Sałasińska, Kamila1 (AUTHOR) kamila.salasinska@pw.edu.pl, Leszczyńska, Milena1 (AUTHOR), Misiak, Michał1 (AUTHOR), Hejna, Aleksander2 (AUTHOR), Ortega, Zaida3 (AUTHOR), Borowicz, Marcin4 (AUTHOR), Michałowski, Sławomir5 (AUTHOR), Gloc, Michał1 (AUTHOR), Mysiukiewicz, Olga2 (AUTHOR), Cygan, Tomasz1 (AUTHOR), Paciorek‐Sadowska, Joanna4 (AUTHOR), Barczewski, Mateusz2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Macromolecular Materials & Engineering. Jun2026, Vol. 311 Issue 6, p1-17. 17p.
Subjects: Polyamides, Stinging nettle, Thermal stability, Flammability, Plant biomass, Fireproofing agents
Abstract: The growing demand for environmentally responsible flame retardant solutions is driving the development of systems that combine conventional phosphorus chemistry with renewable plant‐based components. This study explores a novel strategy for developing a flame‐retardant system for polyamide 12 (PA12) based on the synergistic action of melamine polyphosphate (MPP) and thermomechanically modified stinging nettle (U) as a bio‐derived component. Thermal treatment is employed to enhance the stability of the lignocellulosic structure, enabling incorporation into high‐performance polymer formulations. Materials containing 20 wt.% of flame retardant system, in which 5 or 10 wt.% of the modified plant additive was used, were manufactured to assess their contribution to thermal and fire behavior. Flammability was assessed using a thermogravimetric analysis and evolved gas analysis (TGA/FTIR), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 test, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC), and cone calorimetry. These techniques were supported by microstructural characterization to correlate internal morphology with macroscopic performance. The results demonstrate that the thermomechanically modified plant component actively participates in the flame retardant mechanism, improving the efficiency of MPP by enhancing char formation and altering degradation pathways. The proposed approach offers a viable route to sustainable flame retardant materials, suitable for advanced engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Macromolecular Materials & Engineering is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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An: 194974202
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  Data: Sustainable Flame Retardant System with Thermomechanically Modified Stinging Nettle Tailored for Polyamide 12.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rutkowska%2C+Daria%22">Rutkowska, Daria</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> daria.rutkowska3.dokt@pw.edu.pl</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sałasińska%2C+Kamila%22">Sałasińska, Kamila</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> kamila.salasinska@pw.edu.pl</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Leszczyńska%2C+Milena%22">Leszczyńska, Milena</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Misiak%2C+Michał%22">Misiak, Michał</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hejna%2C+Aleksander%22">Hejna, Aleksander</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ortega%2C+Zaida%22">Ortega, Zaida</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Borowicz%2C+Marcin%22">Borowicz, Marcin</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Michałowski%2C+Sławomir%22">Michałowski, Sławomir</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gloc%2C+Michał%22">Gloc, Michał</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mysiukiewicz%2C+Olga%22">Mysiukiewicz, Olga</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cygan%2C+Tomasz%22">Cygan, Tomasz</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Paciorek‐Sadowska%2C+Joanna%22">Paciorek‐Sadowska, Joanna</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Barczewski%2C+Mateusz%22">Barczewski, Mateusz</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Macromolecular+Materials+%26+Engineering%22">Macromolecular Materials & Engineering</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 311 Issue 6, p1-17. 17p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polyamides%22">Polyamides</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Stinging+nettle%22">Stinging nettle</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+stability%22">Thermal stability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flammability%22">Flammability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Plant+biomass%22">Plant biomass</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fireproofing+agents%22">Fireproofing agents</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The growing demand for environmentally responsible flame retardant solutions is driving the development of systems that combine conventional phosphorus chemistry with renewable plant‐based components. This study explores a novel strategy for developing a flame‐retardant system for polyamide 12 (PA12) based on the synergistic action of melamine polyphosphate (MPP) and thermomechanically modified stinging nettle (U) as a bio‐derived component. Thermal treatment is employed to enhance the stability of the lignocellulosic structure, enabling incorporation into high‐performance polymer formulations. Materials containing 20 wt.% of flame retardant system, in which 5 or 10 wt.% of the modified plant additive was used, were manufactured to assess their contribution to thermal and fire behavior. Flammability was assessed using a thermogravimetric analysis and evolved gas analysis (TGA/FTIR), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 test, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC), and cone calorimetry. These techniques were supported by microstructural characterization to correlate internal morphology with macroscopic performance. The results demonstrate that the thermomechanically modified plant component actively participates in the flame retardant mechanism, improving the efficiency of MPP by enhancing char formation and altering degradation pathways. The proposed approach offers a viable route to sustainable flame retardant materials, suitable for advanced engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Macromolecular Materials & Engineering is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1002/mame.70259
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 17
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Polyamides
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Stinging nettle
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermal stability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flammability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Plant biomass
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      – SubjectFull: Fireproofing agents
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      – TitleFull: Sustainable Flame Retardant System with Thermomechanically Modified Stinging Nettle Tailored for Polyamide 12.
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
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              Y: 2026
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