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High-Efficiency Recovery of Waste Graphite Anodes Using Molten Salts: Microstructural Evolution and Electrochemical Performance.

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Title: High-Efficiency Recovery of Waste Graphite Anodes Using Molten Salts: Microstructural Evolution and Electrochemical Performance.
Authors: Wang, Pingyou1 (AUTHOR), Yao, Zhitong1 (AUTHOR) sxyzt@126.com, Cui, Jiuzhuo1 (AUTHOR), TESFAYE, FISEHA2 (AUTHOR), Yang, Taoqi1 (AUTHOR), Romano, Pietro3 (AUTHOR), Vegliò, Francesco3 (AUTHOR), Lü, Xiaoshu4,5 (AUTHOR) xiaoshu.lu@uwasa.fi
Source: JOM: The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS). Jul2026, Vol. 78 Issue 7, p6211-6220. 10p.
Subjects: Graphitization, Waste recycling, Microstructure, Fused salts, Electrochemical analysis
Abstract: The rapid growth of lithium-ion battery (LIB) production has led to increasing volumes of end-of-life batteries containing hazardous electrolytes and metal residues, underscoring the urgent need for efficient recycling strategies. While cathode recovery has been widely studied, the regeneration of spent graphite anodes remains underexplored despite rising global demand for battery-grade graphite. In this work, two molten salt treatments, NaOH and a LiCl–KCl eutectic, were evaluated for their effectiveness in reactivating waste graphite (WG). Structural analyses revealed that both treatments increased the interlayer spacing from 3.3533 Å to 3.3632–3.3657 Å and reduced surface defects, with the LiCl–KCl melt achieving the highest degree of graphitization. Electrochemical testing demonstrated substantial performance enhancements. The regenerated samples delivered reversible capacities of 334.4 mAh g-1 and 423.6 mAh g-1, far exceeding that of 227.0 mAh g-1 for untreated WG, with capacity retention above 90% after 50 cycles. Impedance and cyclic voltammetry analyses further confirmed reduced charge transfer resistance, more stable solid electrolyte interphase formation, and accelerated lithium-ion transport in molten salt-treated graphite. Overall, molten salt regeneration, particularly with LiCl–KCl, offered a promising, high-efficiency route for restoring waste graphite to battery-grade quality, supporting sustainable LIBs recycling and circular material utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of JOM: The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: High-Efficiency Recovery of Waste Graphite Anodes Using Molten Salts: Microstructural Evolution and Electrochemical Performance.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphitization%22">Graphitization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Waste+recycling%22">Waste recycling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microstructure%22">Microstructure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fused+salts%22">Fused salts</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electrochemical+analysis%22">Electrochemical analysis</searchLink>
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  Data: The rapid growth of lithium-ion battery (LIB) production has led to increasing volumes of end-of-life batteries containing hazardous electrolytes and metal residues, underscoring the urgent need for efficient recycling strategies. While cathode recovery has been widely studied, the regeneration of spent graphite anodes remains underexplored despite rising global demand for battery-grade graphite. In this work, two molten salt treatments, NaOH and a LiCl–KCl eutectic, were evaluated for their effectiveness in reactivating waste graphite (WG). Structural analyses revealed that both treatments increased the interlayer spacing from 3.3533 Å to 3.3632–3.3657 Å and reduced surface defects, with the LiCl–KCl melt achieving the highest degree of graphitization. Electrochemical testing demonstrated substantial performance enhancements. The regenerated samples delivered reversible capacities of 334.4 mAh g-1 and 423.6 mAh g-1, far exceeding that of 227.0 mAh g-1 for untreated WG, with capacity retention above 90% after 50 cycles. Impedance and cyclic voltammetry analyses further confirmed reduced charge transfer resistance, more stable solid electrolyte interphase formation, and accelerated lithium-ion transport in molten salt-treated graphite. Overall, molten salt regeneration, particularly with LiCl–KCl, offered a promising, high-efficiency route for restoring waste graphite to battery-grade quality, supporting sustainable LIBs recycling and circular material utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of JOM: The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s11837-026-08122-x
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        Text: English
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        StartPage: 6211
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Waste recycling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microstructure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fused salts
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      – SubjectFull: Electrochemical analysis
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      – TitleFull: High-Efficiency Recovery of Waste Graphite Anodes Using Molten Salts: Microstructural Evolution and Electrochemical Performance.
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            NameFull: Wang, Pingyou
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            NameFull: Yao, Zhitong
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            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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