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No seed size–number trade‐off in European beech: climate governs investment per seed.

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Title: No seed size–number trade‐off in European beech: climate governs investment per seed.
Authors: Kondrat, Katarzyna1 (AUTHOR) katarzyna.kondrat@amu.edu.pl, Jerzyńska, Patrycja1 (AUTHOR), Eichert, Urszula1 (AUTHOR), Szymkowiak, Jakub1,2 (AUTHOR), Hacket‐Pain, Andrew3 (AUTHOR), Adamič, Tomaž4 (AUTHOR), Ascoli, Davide5 (AUTHOR), Barczyk, Maciej K.1 (AUTHOR), Bertini, Giada6 (AUTHOR), Bogdańska, Maria1 (AUTHOR), Bonal, Raul7 (AUTHOR), Caignard, Thomas8 (AUTHOR), Chianucci, Francesco6 (AUTHOR), De Cinti, Bruno9 (AUTHOR), Devetaković, Jovana10 (AUTHOR), Egan, Samuel11 (AUTHOR), Fadrhonsova, Vera12 (AUTHOR), Fernández‐Martínez, Marcos13 (AUTHOR), Foest, Jessie J.1 (AUTHOR), Fyllas, Nikolaos M.14 (AUTHOR)
Source: New Phytologist. Aug2026, Vol. 251 Issue 3, p1567-1577. 11p.
Subjects: European beech, Seed production (Botany), Protein content of food, Lipid analysis, Seed size, Climate change
Abstract: Summary: Mast‐seeding trees can vary seed output by orders of magnitude among years, but it remains unclear whether high seed production reduces per‐seed investment, as predicted by fixed‐budget allocation models.We quantified individual seed production with seed mass in European beech across 2792 trees and 123 populations spanning the species' range and quantified seed protein and lipid content in 35 populations.Seed mass increased with seed production, with seeds from high‐seeding years being 14% heavier than those from low‐seeding years, providing no evidence for a seed size–number trade‐off and instead supporting variable reproductive allocation. By contrast, protein content decreased by 31% with increasing seed production, whereas lipid content increased (by 14%), indicating that nitrogen becomes constraining at high reproductive output while carbon‐based provisioning is maintained. Climate further structured provisioning: seed mass and protein content were the lowest at climatic range margins, being 28% and 32% lower, respectively, than at the center of the climatic range.European beech can increase seed output without reducing per‐seed biomass, but that nitrogen limitation and climatic constraints may strengthen regeneration bottlenecks at both trailing and leading margins, especially as climate warming intensifies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of New Phytologist is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 195038705
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Data: No seed size–number trade‐off in European beech: climate governs investment per seed.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kondrat%2C+Katarzyna%22">Kondrat, Katarzyna</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> katarzyna.kondrat@amu.edu.pl</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jerzyńska%2C+Patrycja%22">Jerzyńska, Patrycja</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Eichert%2C+Urszula%22">Eichert, Urszula</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Szymkowiak%2C+Jakub%22">Szymkowiak, Jakub</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hacket‐Pain%2C+Andrew%22">Hacket‐Pain, Andrew</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Adamič%2C+Tomaž%22">Adamič, Tomaž</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ascoli%2C+Davide%22">Ascoli, Davide</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Barczyk%2C+Maciej+K%2E%22">Barczyk, Maciej K.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bertini%2C+Giada%22">Bertini, Giada</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bogdańska%2C+Maria%22">Bogdańska, Maria</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bonal%2C+Raul%22">Bonal, Raul</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Caignard%2C+Thomas%22">Caignard, Thomas</searchLink><relatesTo>8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chianucci%2C+Francesco%22">Chianucci, Francesco</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22De+Cinti%2C+Bruno%22">De Cinti, Bruno</searchLink><relatesTo>9</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Devetaković%2C+Jovana%22">Devetaković, Jovana</searchLink><relatesTo>10</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Egan%2C+Samuel%22">Egan, Samuel</searchLink><relatesTo>11</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fadrhonsova%2C+Vera%22">Fadrhonsova, Vera</searchLink><relatesTo>12</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fernández‐Martínez%2C+Marcos%22">Fernández‐Martínez, Marcos</searchLink><relatesTo>13</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Foest%2C+Jessie+J%2E%22">Foest, Jessie J.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fyllas%2C+Nikolaos+M%2E%22">Fyllas, Nikolaos M.</searchLink><relatesTo>14</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22New+Phytologist%22">New Phytologist</searchLink>. Aug2026, Vol. 251 Issue 3, p1567-1577. 11p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22European+beech%22">European beech</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Seed+production+%28Botany%29%22">Seed production (Botany)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Protein+content+of+food%22">Protein content of food</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lipid+analysis%22">Lipid analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Seed+size%22">Seed size</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Climate+change%22">Climate change</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Summary: Mast‐seeding trees can vary seed output by orders of magnitude among years, but it remains unclear whether high seed production reduces per‐seed investment, as predicted by fixed‐budget allocation models.We quantified individual seed production with seed mass in European beech across 2792 trees and 123 populations spanning the species' range and quantified seed protein and lipid content in 35 populations.Seed mass increased with seed production, with seeds from high‐seeding years being 14% heavier than those from low‐seeding years, providing no evidence for a seed size–number trade‐off and instead supporting variable reproductive allocation. By contrast, protein content decreased by 31% with increasing seed production, whereas lipid content increased (by 14%), indicating that nitrogen becomes constraining at high reproductive output while carbon‐based provisioning is maintained. Climate further structured provisioning: seed mass and protein content were the lowest at climatic range margins, being 28% and 32% lower, respectively, than at the center of the climatic range.European beech can increase seed output without reducing per‐seed biomass, but that nitrogen limitation and climatic constraints may strengthen regeneration bottlenecks at both trailing and leading margins, especially as climate warming intensifies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of New Phytologist is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1111/nph.71248
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 11
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      – SubjectFull: European beech
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Seed production (Botany)
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      – SubjectFull: Protein content of food
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      – SubjectFull: Lipid analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Seed size
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      – SubjectFull: Climate change
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