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Genetic Algorithm‐Optimized Recurrent Neural Network for Channel Estimation in RIS‐Aided MIMO System With Rake Receiver.

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Title: Genetic Algorithm‐Optimized Recurrent Neural Network for Channel Estimation in RIS‐Aided MIMO System With Rake Receiver.
Authors: Mwongera, Kevin M.1 (AUTHOR) kmwongera@jkuat.ac.ke, Langat, Philip K.2 (AUTHOR), Manene, Franklin M.3 (AUTHOR), Mishra, Pramita (AUTHOR) pmishra@wiley.com
Source: Journal of Electrical & Computer Engineering. 7/5/2026, Vol. 2026, p1-21. 21p.
Subjects: Channel estimation, Recurrent neural networks, Signal processing, Genetic algorithms, Wireless communications, MIMO systems
Abstract: The integration of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) into multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) systems offers transformative potential for enhancing spectral efficiency and mitigating channel impairments. However, efficient and accurate channel estimation (CE) remains a critical challenge due to multipath propagation, high dimensionality, and the passive nature of RIS elements. This paper proposes a hybrid framework integrating a genetic algorithm (GA)‐optimized recurrent neural network (RNN) with a rake receiver (RR) to address these RIS‐aided system challenges. The proposed GA–RNN‐Rake has been applied to an end‐to‐end RIS‐assisted MIMO system developed under Rayleigh fading model in terms of a composite CE matrix. The matrix integrates three components: the direct link, the transmitter‐to‐RIS link, and the RIS‐to‐receiver link, with the passive RIS reflection constraints matrix. At the receiver, the RR resolves multipath signals using finger correlators and a combiner. RIS provides intelligent manipulation of wireless channels by reflecting signals in desired directions. The RNN architecture exploits the temporal correlations in time‐varying channel states. The GA optimizes RNN to automatically tune hyperparameters, including the number of hidden units, layer depth, and learning rate. The RR further enhances signal reception and robustness through coherent combination of multipath components to reduce intersymbol interference. Simulations in MATLAB and Simulink indicate that the GA‐optimized RNN estimator performs better than the traditional methods in terms of reduced mean squared error (MSE) and bit error rate (BER). The GA–RNN achieves a 25% MSE reduction over conventional RNNs and a 40% improvement over least squares (LS) estimation at 30 dB signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). The GA–RNN maintains stable CE performance under user mobility up to 120 km/h with less than 5% MSE degradation and 25% faster convergence. The reported MSE and BER values have 95% confidence intervals (CI) and have been determined from multiple simulation runs, up to 50, to verify the trends in average MSE and BER values. However, this was achieved at a slightly increased computational complexity with the GA–RNN. The proposed system promises reliable CE for the next‐generation RIS‐aided MIMO systems, offering improved spectral efficiency, robustness, and reliability. Future work should deploy wideband CE methods and practical data in real systems to reduce complexity by 40 − 60% while maintaining estimation accuracy within ±2% MSE degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Electrical & Computer Engineering is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Genetic Algorithm‐Optimized Recurrent Neural Network for Channel Estimation in RIS‐Aided MIMO System With Rake Receiver.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Electrical+%26+Computer+Engineering%22">Journal of Electrical & Computer Engineering</searchLink>. 7/5/2026, Vol. 2026, p1-21. 21p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Channel+estimation%22">Channel estimation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Recurrent+neural+networks%22">Recurrent neural networks</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Signal+processing%22">Signal processing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Genetic+algorithms%22">Genetic algorithms</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wireless+communications%22">Wireless communications</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22MIMO+systems%22">MIMO systems</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The integration of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) into multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) systems offers transformative potential for enhancing spectral efficiency and mitigating channel impairments. However, efficient and accurate channel estimation (CE) remains a critical challenge due to multipath propagation, high dimensionality, and the passive nature of RIS elements. This paper proposes a hybrid framework integrating a genetic algorithm (GA)‐optimized recurrent neural network (RNN) with a rake receiver (RR) to address these RIS‐aided system challenges. The proposed GA–RNN‐Rake has been applied to an end‐to‐end RIS‐assisted MIMO system developed under Rayleigh fading model in terms of a composite CE matrix. The matrix integrates three components: the direct link, the transmitter‐to‐RIS link, and the RIS‐to‐receiver link, with the passive RIS reflection constraints matrix. At the receiver, the RR resolves multipath signals using finger correlators and a combiner. RIS provides intelligent manipulation of wireless channels by reflecting signals in desired directions. The RNN architecture exploits the temporal correlations in time‐varying channel states. The GA optimizes RNN to automatically tune hyperparameters, including the number of hidden units, layer depth, and learning rate. The RR further enhances signal reception and robustness through coherent combination of multipath components to reduce intersymbol interference. Simulations in MATLAB and Simulink indicate that the GA‐optimized RNN estimator performs better than the traditional methods in terms of reduced mean squared error (MSE) and bit error rate (BER). The GA–RNN achieves a 25% MSE reduction over conventional RNNs and a 40% improvement over least squares (LS) estimation at 30 dB signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). The GA–RNN maintains stable CE performance under user mobility up to 120 km/h with less than 5% MSE degradation and 25% faster convergence. The reported MSE and BER values have 95% confidence intervals (CI) and have been determined from multiple simulation runs, up to 50, to verify the trends in average MSE and BER values. However, this was achieved at a slightly increased computational complexity with the GA–RNN. The proposed system promises reliable CE for the next‐generation RIS‐aided MIMO systems, offering improved spectral efficiency, robustness, and reliability. Future work should deploy wideband CE methods and practical data in real systems to reduce complexity by 40 − 60% while maintaining estimation accuracy within ±2% MSE degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Electrical & Computer Engineering is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1155/jece/2714374
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 21
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Channel estimation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Recurrent neural networks
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal processing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Genetic algorithms
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wireless communications
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: MIMO systems
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Genetic Algorithm‐Optimized Recurrent Neural Network for Channel Estimation in RIS‐Aided MIMO System With Rake Receiver.
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            NameFull: Mwongera, Kevin M.
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            NameFull: Langat, Philip K.
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            NameFull: Manene, Franklin M.
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            NameFull: Mishra, Pramita
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            – D: 05
              M: 07
              Text: 7/5/2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 2026
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Electrical & Computer Engineering
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