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Numerical simulation of passive intermodulation simulation from material and contact nonlinearity using LNS-ADI FDTD method.

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Title: Numerical simulation of passive intermodulation simulation from material and contact nonlinearity using LNS-ADI FDTD method.
Authors: Zhao, Xiaolong1 (AUTHOR) zhaoxiaolong@xjtu.edu.cn, Xiang, Xiaojian2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Electromagnetic Waves & Applications. Jul2026, Vol. 40 Issue 11, p1975-1991. 17p.
Subjects: Intermodulation, Nonlinear theories, Computer simulation, Waveguides, Microstrip transmission lines
Abstract: A PIM simulation method combining the leapfrog alternating direction implicit (ADI) FDTD algorithm with the linearity-nonlinearity separation (LNS) approach was proposed in this work to improve the simulation efficiency limited by the constraints of spectral resolution and the Courant stability condition, and it was validated through simulations of microstrip line intermodulation and waveguide flange connection intermodulation. First, an LNS-ADI FDTD simulation framework is established, where the total field is decomposed into linear and nonlinear components. The ADI algorithm is then employed to solve the coupled linear and nonlinear fields, yielding the PIM signal. Simulation results demonstrate that for microstrip line PIM, a maximum time step of approximately 6.4 times the conventional value can be used, while for waveguide flange PIM, a maximum of 10 times the time step is achievable, with the error maintained below 1 dB. The computational time is reduced to 30% of the conventional method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Electromagnetic Waves & Applications is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 195126902
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Numerical simulation of passive intermodulation simulation from material and contact nonlinearity using LNS-ADI FDTD method.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhao%2C+Xiaolong%22">Zhao, Xiaolong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zhaoxiaolong@xjtu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xiang%2C+Xiaojian%22">Xiang, Xiaojian</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Electromagnetic+Waves+%26+Applications%22">Journal of Electromagnetic Waves & Applications</searchLink>. Jul2026, Vol. 40 Issue 11, p1975-1991. 17p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intermodulation%22">Intermodulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nonlinear+theories%22">Nonlinear theories</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+simulation%22">Computer simulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Waveguides%22">Waveguides</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microstrip+transmission+lines%22">Microstrip transmission lines</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: A PIM simulation method combining the leapfrog alternating direction implicit (ADI) FDTD algorithm with the linearity-nonlinearity separation (LNS) approach was proposed in this work to improve the simulation efficiency limited by the constraints of spectral resolution and the Courant stability condition, and it was validated through simulations of microstrip line intermodulation and waveguide flange connection intermodulation. First, an LNS-ADI FDTD simulation framework is established, where the total field is decomposed into linear and nonlinear components. The ADI algorithm is then employed to solve the coupled linear and nonlinear fields, yielding the PIM signal. Simulation results demonstrate that for microstrip line PIM, a maximum time step of approximately 6.4 times the conventional value can be used, while for waveguide flange PIM, a maximum of 10 times the time step is achievable, with the error maintained below 1 dB. The computational time is reduced to 30% of the conventional method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Electromagnetic Waves & Applications is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/09205071.2026.2665302
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 17
        StartPage: 1975
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Intermodulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nonlinear theories
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer simulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Waveguides
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microstrip transmission lines
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Numerical simulation of passive intermodulation simulation from material and contact nonlinearity using LNS-ADI FDTD method.
        Type: main
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          Name:
            NameFull: Zhao, Xiaolong
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            NameFull: Xiang, Xiaojian
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            – D: 15
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 40
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              Value: 11
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Electromagnetic Waves & Applications
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