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Experimental study and mechanistic understanding of the characteristics of bentonite slurry infiltrating into unsaturated soil.

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Title: Experimental study and mechanistic understanding of the characteristics of bentonite slurry infiltrating into unsaturated soil.
Authors: Zhang, Chenghao1 (AUTHOR) Chenghao.Zhang@Ugent.be, Bezuijen, Adam1 (AUTHOR) Adam.Bezuijen@Ugent.be, Zhou, Wan-Huan2 (AUTHOR) hannahzhou@um.edu.mo
Source: Acta Geotechnica. Jul2026, Vol. 21 Issue 7, p3927-3945. 19p.
Subjects: Bentonite, Pore water pressure, Flow velocity, Tunnel design & construction, Permeability, Soil moisture, Percolation
Abstract: A series of tests involving the infiltration of bentonite slurry into the unsaturated sand were performed by using a dedicated specifically developed apparatus. In these tests, the bentonite slurry was pressurized into a sand column which was placed on a digital recording balance, enabling real-time measurement of the infiltrated slurry. Sensors installed at specific positions along the sand column monitored changes in pore water pressures over time. Results show that rising the saturation of the sand column lowered the mud spurt rate to a minimum value at 60% saturation, followed by an increase in mud spurt rate for higher saturations. Analysis of the pore water pressure data reveals that the flow resistance within the slurry infiltrated zone and within the sand varied with saturation, influencing the mud spurt rate. The permeability of the filter cake formed did not change, but the time before the filter cake formation started (transition time) increased with the degree of saturation, reaching its maximum at 100% saturation. Compared to the drilling of a TBM in saturated soil, drilling in unsaturated soil would trigger much earlier filter cake formation, in the absence of or limited excess pore water pressure in front of the TBM and mitigating potential threats to the stability of the tunnel face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Acta Geotechnica is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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  Data: Experimental study and mechanistic understanding of the characteristics of bentonite slurry infiltrating into unsaturated soil.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Chenghao%22">Zhang, Chenghao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> Chenghao.Zhang@Ugent.be</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bezuijen%2C+Adam%22">Bezuijen, Adam</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> Adam.Bezuijen@Ugent.be</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhou%2C+Wan-Huan%22">Zhou, Wan-Huan</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> hannahzhou@um.edu.mo</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Acta+Geotechnica%22">Acta Geotechnica</searchLink>. Jul2026, Vol. 21 Issue 7, p3927-3945. 19p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bentonite%22">Bentonite</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pore+water+pressure%22">Pore water pressure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flow+velocity%22">Flow velocity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tunnel+design+%26+construction%22">Tunnel design & construction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Permeability%22">Permeability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+moisture%22">Soil moisture</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Percolation%22">Percolation</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: A series of tests involving the infiltration of bentonite slurry into the unsaturated sand were performed by using a dedicated specifically developed apparatus. In these tests, the bentonite slurry was pressurized into a sand column which was placed on a digital recording balance, enabling real-time measurement of the infiltrated slurry. Sensors installed at specific positions along the sand column monitored changes in pore water pressures over time. Results show that rising the saturation of the sand column lowered the mud spurt rate to a minimum value at 60% saturation, followed by an increase in mud spurt rate for higher saturations. Analysis of the pore water pressure data reveals that the flow resistance within the slurry infiltrated zone and within the sand varied with saturation, influencing the mud spurt rate. The permeability of the filter cake formed did not change, but the time before the filter cake formation started (transition time) increased with the degree of saturation, reaching its maximum at 100% saturation. Compared to the drilling of a TBM in saturated soil, drilling in unsaturated soil would trigger much earlier filter cake formation, in the absence of or limited excess pore water pressure in front of the TBM and mitigating potential threats to the stability of the tunnel face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Acta Geotechnica is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s11440-026-02975-x
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 19
        StartPage: 3927
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Bentonite
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pore water pressure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flow velocity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tunnel design & construction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Permeability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil moisture
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Percolation
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Experimental study and mechanistic understanding of the characteristics of bentonite slurry infiltrating into unsaturated soil.
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            NameFull: Zhang, Chenghao
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            NameFull: Bezuijen, Adam
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            NameFull: Zhou, Wan-Huan
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            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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