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Characterization of the central channel and its flow velocity distribution in an analytical inductively coupled plasma source.

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Title: Characterization of the central channel and its flow velocity distribution in an analytical inductively coupled plasma source.
Authors: Mao, Xiaobao1 (AUTHOR), Su, Yongyang2 (AUTHOR) suyongyang@nint.ac.cn, Li, Zhiming2 (AUTHOR), Han, Xin1 (AUTHOR), Xu, Jiang2 (AUTHOR), Wang, Wei2 (AUTHOR), Xi, Ruiyang2 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Pengfei2 (AUTHOR), Lan, Xiaofei1 (AUTHOR) lan-x-f@163.com
Source: JAAS (Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry). Jul2026, Vol. 41 Issue 7, p2620-2628. 9p.
Subjects: Flow velocity, Channel flow, Argon plasmas, High-speed photography, Time-of-flight measurements, Plasma sources
Abstract: In this study, we extend our previous high-speed photographic studies (Xie et al. 2022 and Han et al. 2025) to direct characterization of the central channel and its flow velocity distribution in an analytical inductively coupled plasma source. The strong plasma emission was successfully suppressed by optimising the high-speed camera's aperture size and shutter duration, allowing us to directly observe the central channel and the discrete ion cloud. The width of the central channel was determined from the luminance distribution rather than the analyte ion distribution, unlike the commonly used method. The effect of the addition percentage of oxygen and nitrogen to the sample flow on the channel width was investigated. By injecting and tracking five types of suspension particles with various inertial properties, the axial flow velocity in the central channel was determined using the time-of-flight method. The axial flow velocity distributions at varying r.f. power, sample flow rate, and addition fraction of oxygen and nitrogen in the sample flow were finally experimentally determined. Results show that the width of the central channel in pure Ar-ICP is 7.2 mm under the investigated operating conditions. The presented width value is comparable with the peak-to-peak distance of the plasma parameter distributions but about three times that determined from the analyte ion distribution. In the mixed-gas ICP, the width increases with increasing nitrogen addition percentage in the sample flow but is insensitive to the oxygen addition fraction. Compared with the flow velocity, no particle slipping or dragging was observed, indicating that the flow velocity was well represented by that of the suspension particles used. In pure Ar-ICP, Ar–O2 ICP and Ar–N2 ICP, the axial flow velocity tends to increase and then decrease with the axial position with respect to the torch outlet. In pure Ar-ICP, a cubic polynomial fitting of the axial flow velocity with the quadratic root of the axial position is proposed for velocity estimation. A velocity plateau is clearly observed in the normal analytical zone (NAZ). The present work provides detailed information on the central channel for pure argon, Ar–O2 ICP, and Ar–N2 ICP. Experimental data on the axial flow velocity distribution across a wide range in the ICP source are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of JAAS (Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry) is the property of Royal Society of Chemistry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Characterization of the central channel and its flow velocity distribution in an analytical inductively coupled plasma source.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mao%2C+Xiaobao%22">Mao, Xiaobao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Su%2C+Yongyang%22">Su, Yongyang</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> suyongyang@nint.ac.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Zhiming%22">Li, Zhiming</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Han%2C+Xin%22">Han, Xin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Jiang%22">Xu, Jiang</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Wei%22">Wang, Wei</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xi%2C+Ruiyang%22">Xi, Ruiyang</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Pengfei%22">Zhang, Pengfei</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lan%2C+Xiaofei%22">Lan, Xiaofei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> lan-x-f@163.com</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22JAAS+%28Journal+of+Analytical+Atomic+Spectrometry%29%22">JAAS (Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry)</searchLink>. Jul2026, Vol. 41 Issue 7, p2620-2628. 9p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flow+velocity%22">Flow velocity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Channel+flow%22">Channel flow</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Argon+plasmas%22">Argon plasmas</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22High-speed+photography%22">High-speed photography</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Time-of-flight+measurements%22">Time-of-flight measurements</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Plasma+sources%22">Plasma sources</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: In this study, we extend our previous high-speed photographic studies (Xie et al. 2022 and Han et al. 2025) to direct characterization of the central channel and its flow velocity distribution in an analytical inductively coupled plasma source. The strong plasma emission was successfully suppressed by optimising the high-speed camera's aperture size and shutter duration, allowing us to directly observe the central channel and the discrete ion cloud. The width of the central channel was determined from the luminance distribution rather than the analyte ion distribution, unlike the commonly used method. The effect of the addition percentage of oxygen and nitrogen to the sample flow on the channel width was investigated. By injecting and tracking five types of suspension particles with various inertial properties, the axial flow velocity in the central channel was determined using the time-of-flight method. The axial flow velocity distributions at varying r.f. power, sample flow rate, and addition fraction of oxygen and nitrogen in the sample flow were finally experimentally determined. Results show that the width of the central channel in pure Ar-ICP is 7.2 mm under the investigated operating conditions. The presented width value is comparable with the peak-to-peak distance of the plasma parameter distributions but about three times that determined from the analyte ion distribution. In the mixed-gas ICP, the width increases with increasing nitrogen addition percentage in the sample flow but is insensitive to the oxygen addition fraction. Compared with the flow velocity, no particle slipping or dragging was observed, indicating that the flow velocity was well represented by that of the suspension particles used. In pure Ar-ICP, Ar–O2 ICP and Ar–N2 ICP, the axial flow velocity tends to increase and then decrease with the axial position with respect to the torch outlet. In pure Ar-ICP, a cubic polynomial fitting of the axial flow velocity with the quadratic root of the axial position is proposed for velocity estimation. A velocity plateau is clearly observed in the normal analytical zone (NAZ). The present work provides detailed information on the central channel for pure argon, Ar–O2 ICP, and Ar–N2 ICP. Experimental data on the axial flow velocity distribution across a wide range in the ICP source are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of JAAS (Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry) is the property of Royal Society of Chemistry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1039/d6ja00078a
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 9
        StartPage: 2620
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Flow velocity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Channel flow
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Argon plasmas
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: High-speed photography
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Time-of-flight measurements
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Plasma sources
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Characterization of the central channel and its flow velocity distribution in an analytical inductively coupled plasma source.
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            NameFull: Mao, Xiaobao
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            NameFull: Su, Yongyang
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            NameFull: Li, Zhiming
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            NameFull: Han, Xin
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            NameFull: Xi, Ruiyang
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            NameFull: Zhang, Pengfei
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            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 41
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              Value: 7
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