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Air attenuation of high power XFEL beams.

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Title: Air attenuation of high power XFEL beams.
Authors: Heimann, Philip1 (AUTHOR) paheim@slac.stanford.edu, Rosenstrom, Andrew2 (AUTHOR), Lin, Ming-Fu1 (AUTHOR), Obaid, Razib1 (AUTHOR), Driver, Taran1 (AUTHOR), Cryan, James1 (AUTHOR), Xiao, Shanjie2 (AUTHOR), MacDonald, Sena2,3 (AUTHOR), Rokni, Sayed2 (AUTHOR), Prinz, Alyssa1 (AUTHOR), Langeveld, Willy1 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Lin1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. Jul2026, Vol. 33 Issue 4, p913-920. 8p.
Abstract: The Linac Coherent Light Source II, a high‐repetition‐rate X‐ray free‐electron laser (FEL), produces high average power as well as high peak power. Air is a key radiation safety element, helping to contain the FEL beams from reaching accessible areas. At high average power, air absorption can produce a high‐temperature and low‐density channel along the X‐ray beam path. In this case, the X‐ray attenuation no longer follows the Beer–Lambert equation, exp(−μx). Air attenuation measurements were performed with X‐rays focused into a gas cell at the LCLS time‐resolved AMO instrument. In the measurements, several parameters were varied: the repetition rate from 102 Hz to 33.2 kHz, the pulse energy from 18 to 340 µJ and the photon energy at 316 and 346 eV. The air transmission was observed to significantly increase with X‐ray power. Simulations were also performed, which included the thermal processes related to the high average power. In comparison with the measurements, the calculated air transmission is higher, confirming that the simulations are conservative and suitable for radiation safety analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Synchrotron Radiation is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Air attenuation of high power XFEL beams.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Synchrotron+Radiation%22">Journal of Synchrotron Radiation</searchLink>. Jul2026, Vol. 33 Issue 4, p913-920. 8p.
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The Linac Coherent Light Source II, a high‐repetition‐rate X‐ray free‐electron laser (FEL), produces high average power as well as high peak power. Air is a key radiation safety element, helping to contain the FEL beams from reaching accessible areas. At high average power, air absorption can produce a high‐temperature and low‐density channel along the X‐ray beam path. In this case, the X‐ray attenuation no longer follows the Beer–Lambert equation, exp(−μx). Air attenuation measurements were performed with X‐rays focused into a gas cell at the LCLS time‐resolved AMO instrument. In the measurements, several parameters were varied: the repetition rate from 102 Hz to 33.2 kHz, the pulse energy from 18 to 340 µJ and the photon energy at 316 and 346 eV. The air transmission was observed to significantly increase with X‐ray power. Simulations were also performed, which included the thermal processes related to the high average power. In comparison with the measurements, the calculated air transmission is higher, confirming that the simulations are conservative and suitable for radiation safety analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Synchrotron Radiation is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1107/S1600577526004911
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              Text: Jul2026
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              Y: 2026
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