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An Exploratory Assessment of Associations Between Serum Estrogen to Progesterone Ratio and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Size, Biomechanics, and T2* Relaxation Time in the Porcine Model.

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Title: An Exploratory Assessment of Associations Between Serum Estrogen to Progesterone Ratio and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Size, Biomechanics, and T2* Relaxation Time in the Porcine Model.
Authors: Thompson, Jacob D.1,2,3, Howe, Danielle1,2,3, Griffith, Emily H.4, Conley, Alan J.5, Shultz, Sandra J.6, Schnabel, Lauren V.3,7, Spang, Jeffrey T.8, Fisher, Matthew B.2,8,9,10 mbfisher@ncsu.edu
Source: Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. Jul2026, Vol. 148 Issue 7, p1-1. 1p.
Subjects: Anterior cruciate ligament, Estrogen, Laboratory swine, Biomechanics, Magnetic resonance imaging, Females, Progesterone, Hormones
Abstract: Adolescent females are at a higher risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury than males. While prior studies have associated injury timing and menstrual cycle phase, these data are limited by indirect cycle tracking and lack of analysis on ACL structure, mechanics, or composition. Additionally, little is known about how female sex hormones influence the distinct ACL bundles. This exploratory study investigated associations between serum sex hormone concentrations and size, mechanics, and composition of the ACL and its bundles in a female adolescent pig model. Serum from nine adolescent female Yorkshire crossbreed pigs was collected pre-euthanasia and analyzed for levels of estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone. The ACL and its bundles were assessed for size via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), mechanics via robotic testing, and composition via biochemical and histological analyses. While individual hormone levels and the estradiol-to-progesterone (E/P) ratio had no association with most metrics, the E/P ratio was significantly associated with ACL size and T2* relaxation time. Higher E/P ratios were negatively associated with anteromedial (AM) bundle cross-sectional area (CSA) (R² = 0.44) and overall ACL volume (R² = 0.49) and positively associated with posterolateral (PL) bundle T2* relaxation time (R² = 0.69, p < 0.05). Serum E/P ratio was also positively associated with normalized ACL stiffness, but there were no associations observed for tissue composition. The results of this exploratory study indicate that the ACL may be responsive to exposure to the relative concentration of female sex hormone in a bundle-specific manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Biomechanical Engineering is the property of American Society of Mechanical Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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  Data: An Exploratory Assessment of Associations Between Serum Estrogen to Progesterone Ratio and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Size, Biomechanics, and T2* Relaxation Time in the Porcine Model.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Thompson%2C+Jacob+D%2E%22&quot;&gt;Thompson, Jacob D.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2,3&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Howe%2C+Danielle%22&quot;&gt;Howe, Danielle&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2,3&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Griffith%2C+Emily+H%2E%22&quot;&gt;Griffith, Emily H.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;4&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Conley%2C+Alan+J%2E%22&quot;&gt;Conley, Alan J.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;5&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Shultz%2C+Sandra+J%2E%22&quot;&gt;Shultz, Sandra J.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;6&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Schnabel%2C+Lauren+V%2E%22&quot;&gt;Schnabel, Lauren V.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3,7&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Spang%2C+Jeffrey+T%2E%22&quot;&gt;Spang, Jeffrey T.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;8&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Fisher%2C+Matthew+B%2E%22&quot;&gt;Fisher, Matthew B.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;2,8,9,10&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;i&gt; mbfisher@ncsu.edu&lt;/i&gt;
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– Name: Abstract
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  Data: Adolescent females are at a higher risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury than males. While prior studies have associated injury timing and menstrual cycle phase, these data are limited by indirect cycle tracking and lack of analysis on ACL structure, mechanics, or composition. Additionally, little is known about how female sex hormones influence the distinct ACL bundles. This exploratory study investigated associations between serum sex hormone concentrations and size, mechanics, and composition of the ACL and its bundles in a female adolescent pig model. Serum from nine adolescent female Yorkshire crossbreed pigs was collected pre-euthanasia and analyzed for levels of estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone. The ACL and its bundles were assessed for size via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), mechanics via robotic testing, and composition via biochemical and histological analyses. While individual hormone levels and the estradiol-to-progesterone (E/P) ratio had no association with most metrics, the E/P ratio was significantly associated with ACL size and T2* relaxation time. Higher E/P ratios were negatively associated with anteromedial (AM) bundle cross-sectional area (CSA) (R&#178; = 0.44) and overall ACL volume (R&#178; = 0.49) and positively associated with posterolateral (PL) bundle T2* relaxation time (R&#178; = 0.69, p &lt; 0.05). Serum E/P ratio was also positively associated with normalized ACL stiffness, but there were no associations observed for tissue composition. The results of this exploratory study indicate that the ACL may be responsive to exposure to the relative concentration of female sex hormone in a bundle-specific manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Journal of Biomechanical Engineering is the property of American Society of Mechanical Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1115/1.4071369
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Anterior cruciate ligament
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Estrogen
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Laboratory swine
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Biomechanics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Magnetic resonance imaging
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Females
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Progesterone
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hormones
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: An Exploratory Assessment of Associations Between Serum Estrogen to Progesterone Ratio and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Size, Biomechanics, and T2* Relaxation Time in the Porcine Model.
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            NameFull: Thompson, Jacob D.
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            NameFull: Howe, Danielle
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              M: 07
              Text: Jul2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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