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Evaluation and analysis of signal quality monitoring for BDS‑3 B1C signal in the presence of various digital distortions.

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Title: Evaluation and analysis of signal quality monitoring for BDS‑3 B1C signal in the presence of various digital distortions.
Authors: Huang, Xinyi1 (AUTHOR), Mahmud, Md Sahat1 (AUTHOR), Jiang, Yiping1 (AUTHOR) yiping.jiang@polyu.edu.hk, Yang, Rong2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Advances in Space Research. Jun2026, Vol. 77 Issue 11, p11129-11145. 17p.
Subjects: Cross correlation, Correlators, Signal integrity (Electronics), Electronic modulation, Digital modulation, Phase shift keying, Artificial satellites in navigation
Abstract: Evil waveforms (EWFS) are the non-nominal distortions that may occur on the satellite payload and will greatly degrade the performance of the position, velocity, and timing (PVT) services provided by the global navigation satellite system (GNSS). To qualitatively and quantitatively model the EWF, the second-order step threat model (2OS-TM) was firstly proposed for the binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulated signal and then extended to the binary offset carrier (BOC) modulated signal. However, the incorporation of subcarriers introduces a wider range of potential digital distortion scenarios in BOC-modulated signals. Four types of digital distortions in the BDS-3 B1C signal are characterized and analyzed in this paper, which respectively represent the digital distortions in the modulated code sequence, BOC (1,1) subcarrier waveform, PRN code sequence, and square wave composition. Firstly, detailed cross correlation function (CCF) and cross power spectral density (CPSD) function between the distorted signal and the local replica code are established to measure the code ranging error and tracking accuracy. Subsequently, a signal quality monitor (SQM) based on the multi-correlator technique is tested through the four types of digital distortions and the tracking error is validated by simulation. This article provides foundation for addressing the challenges associated with the TMA modeling for BDS-3 B1C signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Advances in Space Research is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 195371743
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Evaluation and analysis of signal quality monitoring for BDS‑3 B1C signal in the presence of various digital distortions.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Huang%2C+Xinyi%22">Huang, Xinyi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mahmud%2C+Md+Sahat%22">Mahmud, Md Sahat</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jiang%2C+Yiping%22">Jiang, Yiping</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> yiping.jiang@polyu.edu.hk</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Rong%22">Yang, Rong</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Advances+in+Space+Research%22">Advances in Space Research</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 77 Issue 11, p11129-11145. 17p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cross+correlation%22">Cross correlation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Correlators%22">Correlators</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Signal+integrity+%28Electronics%29%22">Signal integrity (Electronics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electronic+modulation%22">Electronic modulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Digital+modulation%22">Digital modulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phase+shift+keying%22">Phase shift keying</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Artificial+satellites+in+navigation%22">Artificial satellites in navigation</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Evil waveforms (EWFS) are the non-nominal distortions that may occur on the satellite payload and will greatly degrade the performance of the position, velocity, and timing (PVT) services provided by the global navigation satellite system (GNSS). To qualitatively and quantitatively model the EWF, the second-order step threat model (2OS-TM) was firstly proposed for the binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulated signal and then extended to the binary offset carrier (BOC) modulated signal. However, the incorporation of subcarriers introduces a wider range of potential digital distortion scenarios in BOC-modulated signals. Four types of digital distortions in the BDS-3 B1C signal are characterized and analyzed in this paper, which respectively represent the digital distortions in the modulated code sequence, BOC (1,1) subcarrier waveform, PRN code sequence, and square wave composition. Firstly, detailed cross correlation function (CCF) and cross power spectral density (CPSD) function between the distorted signal and the local replica code are established to measure the code ranging error and tracking accuracy. Subsequently, a signal quality monitor (SQM) based on the multi-correlator technique is tested through the four types of digital distortions and the tracking error is validated by simulation. This article provides foundation for addressing the challenges associated with the TMA modeling for BDS-3 B1C signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Advances in Space Research is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1016/j.asr.2026.03.004
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 17
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      – SubjectFull: Correlators
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      – SubjectFull: Signal integrity (Electronics)
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      – SubjectFull: Electronic modulation
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      – SubjectFull: Digital modulation
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      – SubjectFull: Phase shift keying
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      – SubjectFull: Artificial satellites in navigation
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Evaluation and analysis of signal quality monitoring for BDS‑3 B1C signal in the presence of various digital distortions.
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            NameFull: Huang, Xinyi
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            NameFull: Mahmud, Md Sahat
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            NameFull: Jiang, Yiping
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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