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Preparation of Lignin-Based Phenolic Foam with Excellent Performance Based on Hydroxymethylation of Lignosulfonate and Paraformaldehyde.

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Title: Preparation of Lignin-Based Phenolic Foam with Excellent Performance Based on Hydroxymethylation of Lignosulfonate and Paraformaldehyde.
Authors: Xu, Zhongbin1,2 (AUTHOR), Song, Shushan2 (AUTHOR), Zhen, Xiang3 (AUTHOR), Al-Haimi, Akram Ali Nasser Mansoor4 (AUTHOR), Wang, Zhongming1,2 (AUTHOR), Tian, Guocai1,2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Jul2026, Vol. 18 Issue 13, p1680. 16p.
Subjects: Lignosulfonates, Phenolic resins, Mechanical behavior of materials, Hydroxymethyl compounds, Fireproofing agents, Thermal insulation, Inorganic compounds
Abstract: In this paper, a novel biobased phenol formaldehyde resin foam was fabricated. Specifically, lignosulfonate, a byproduct of paper and pulping, is hydroxymethylated with paraformaldehyde and then condensed with phenol to form lignosulfonate-based phenol formaldehyde (LPF) resin, subsequently undergoing foam technology to prepare LPF foam. The structures and properties of the intermediate and target products were characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry derivative thermogravimetry (TGA-DTG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), compression performance test, limiting oxygen index test and thermal conductivity measurement. It was found that the prepared foam exhibited excellent mechanical and thermal properties. At a lignin substitution degree of 10%, the optimal thermal stability (at 800 °C), compressive strength (0.14 MPa) and thermal conductivity (0.0294 W/m·K) were achieved. As the lignosulfonate content gradually increases, the limit oxygen index initially showed a significant increase and then decreased. It is worth noting that when the LS substitution degree is increased to 30%, the limiting oxygen index of foam is up to 32.6%. These results underscore the application potential of industrial lignin as a promising biobased substitute in the synthesizing PF foam with excellent thermal insulation and flame-retardant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 195441762
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Preparation of Lignin-Based Phenolic Foam with Excellent Performance Based on Hydroxymethylation of Lignosulfonate and Paraformaldehyde.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Zhongbin%22">Xu, Zhongbin</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Song%2C+Shushan%22">Song, Shushan</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhen%2C+Xiang%22">Zhen, Xiang</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Al-Haimi%2C+Akram+Ali+Nasser+Mansoor%22">Al-Haimi, Akram Ali Nasser Mansoor</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Zhongming%22">Wang, Zhongming</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tian%2C+Guocai%22">Tian, Guocai</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Jul2026, Vol. 18 Issue 13, p1680. 16p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lignosulfonates%22">Lignosulfonates</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phenolic+resins%22">Phenolic resins</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydroxymethyl+compounds%22">Hydroxymethyl compounds</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fireproofing+agents%22">Fireproofing agents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+insulation%22">Thermal insulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Inorganic+compounds%22">Inorganic compounds</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: In this paper, a novel biobased phenol formaldehyde resin foam was fabricated. Specifically, lignosulfonate, a byproduct of paper and pulping, is hydroxymethylated with paraformaldehyde and then condensed with phenol to form lignosulfonate-based phenol formaldehyde (LPF) resin, subsequently undergoing foam technology to prepare LPF foam. The structures and properties of the intermediate and target products were characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry derivative thermogravimetry (TGA-DTG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), compression performance test, limiting oxygen index test and thermal conductivity measurement. It was found that the prepared foam exhibited excellent mechanical and thermal properties. At a lignin substitution degree of 10%, the optimal thermal stability (at 800 °C), compressive strength (0.14 MPa) and thermal conductivity (0.0294 W/m·K) were achieved. As the lignosulfonate content gradually increases, the limit oxygen index initially showed a significant increase and then decreased. It is worth noting that when the LS substitution degree is increased to 30%, the limiting oxygen index of foam is up to 32.6%. These results underscore the application potential of industrial lignin as a promising biobased substitute in the synthesizing PF foam with excellent thermal insulation and flame-retardant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/polym18131680
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 1680
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      – SubjectFull: Lignosulfonates
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phenolic resins
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hydroxymethyl compounds
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fireproofing agents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermal insulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Inorganic compounds
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Preparation of Lignin-Based Phenolic Foam with Excellent Performance Based on Hydroxymethylation of Lignosulfonate and Paraformaldehyde.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Xu, Zhongbin
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            NameFull: Song, Shushan
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            NameFull: Zhen, Xiang
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            NameFull: Al-Haimi, Akram Ali Nasser Mansoor
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            NameFull: Wang, Zhongming
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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