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Sustainable curing system of nitrile butadiene rubber vulcanizates and their rheological behaviors tailored by ionic liquid.

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Title: Sustainable curing system of nitrile butadiene rubber vulcanizates and their rheological behaviors tailored by ionic liquid.
Authors: Ashraf, Hafiz Tanveer1 (AUTHOR), Hussain, Munir1,2 (AUTHOR) munir88@zju.edu.cn, Yasin, Sohail3 (AUTHOR), Al Afroz, Easir1 (AUTHOR), Islam, Md Tohid1 (AUTHOR), Hossen, Md Anwar1 (AUTHOR), Ullah, Wajeeh1 (AUTHOR), Feichao, Zhu1 (AUTHOR), Stadler, Florian J.4 (AUTHOR), Bin, Yu1 (AUTHOR) yubin7712@zstu.edu.cn, Song, Yihu2 (AUTHOR) s_yh0411@zju.edu.cn
Source: Journal of Materials Science. Sep2026, Vol. 61 Issue 33, p25153-25173. 21p.
Subjects: Ionic liquids, Vulcanization, Elasticity, Rheology, Sustainable chemistry, Nitrile rubber
Abstract: A green vulcanization of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) gums was developed using the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][OAc]) as a potentially more sustainable co-curing agent in combination with sulfur, without using the conventional toxic activators zinc oxide and stearic acid. Structural and elemental characterizations witnessed homogeneous sulfur distribution and robust ionic interactions between IL and the NBR backbone. Further, density functional theory (DFT) frontier-orbital analysis indicated enhanced reactivity of the IL (HOMO–LUMO gap 2.12 eV) relative to sulfur and NBR, supporting a catalytic/ionic interaction role for [EMIM][OAc]. FTIR band shifts (notably the C≡N stretch) and XPS nitrogen signals confirmed strong dipolar/ionic interactions between IL and the nitrile groups. The best 5 phr IL formulation (NBR-IL5) exhibited a 23% reduction in optimum curing time (44.1 to 34.3 min), 57% improvement in maximum torque (420 to 663 kPa), and 38% improvement in tensile strength compared to sulfur-alone vulcanizates. Comprehensive rheological characterization and dynamic softening indeed confirmed enhanced network elasticity, reduced damping as evidenced by a low tan δ, improved strain tolerance, and greater thermal stability up to 150°C. Nonlinear strain sweeps and KDR analysis showed suppressed Payne-type softening and higher strain tolerance. For NBR-IL5, the G″ₘₐₓ/G″₀ value reached 8.78, while the experimentally measured tan δ went down to approximately 0.0594. All this results in a highly elastic and low damping ionically mediated network. The IL-assisted sulfur cure system is thus a green and scalable alternative to the traditional route of vulcanization and confers added performance improvements without increasing its environmental footprint while furthering sustainable rubber processing technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Materials Science is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Sustainable curing system of nitrile butadiene rubber vulcanizates and their rheological behaviors tailored by ionic liquid.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ashraf%2C+Hafiz+Tanveer%22">Ashraf, Hafiz Tanveer</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hussain%2C+Munir%22">Hussain, Munir</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> munir88@zju.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yasin%2C+Sohail%22">Yasin, Sohail</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Al+Afroz%2C+Easir%22">Al Afroz, Easir</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Islam%2C+Md+Tohid%22">Islam, Md Tohid</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hossen%2C+Md+Anwar%22">Hossen, Md Anwar</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ullah%2C+Wajeeh%22">Ullah, Wajeeh</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Feichao%2C+Zhu%22">Feichao, Zhu</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stadler%2C+Florian+J%2E%22">Stadler, Florian J.</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bin%2C+Yu%22">Bin, Yu</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> yubin7712@zstu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Song%2C+Yihu%22">Song, Yihu</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> s_yh0411@zju.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Materials+Science%22">Journal of Materials Science</searchLink>. Sep2026, Vol. 61 Issue 33, p25153-25173. 21p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ionic+liquids%22">Ionic liquids</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vulcanization%22">Vulcanization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Elasticity%22">Elasticity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rheology%22">Rheology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainable+chemistry%22">Sustainable chemistry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nitrile+rubber%22">Nitrile rubber</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: A green vulcanization of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) gums was developed using the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][OAc]) as a potentially more sustainable co-curing agent in combination with sulfur, without using the conventional toxic activators zinc oxide and stearic acid. Structural and elemental characterizations witnessed homogeneous sulfur distribution and robust ionic interactions between IL and the NBR backbone. Further, density functional theory (DFT) frontier-orbital analysis indicated enhanced reactivity of the IL (HOMO–LUMO gap 2.12 eV) relative to sulfur and NBR, supporting a catalytic/ionic interaction role for [EMIM][OAc]. FTIR band shifts (notably the C≡N stretch) and XPS nitrogen signals confirmed strong dipolar/ionic interactions between IL and the nitrile groups. The best 5 phr IL formulation (NBR-IL5) exhibited a 23% reduction in optimum curing time (44.1 to 34.3 min), 57% improvement in maximum torque (420 to 663 kPa), and 38% improvement in tensile strength compared to sulfur-alone vulcanizates. Comprehensive rheological characterization and dynamic softening indeed confirmed enhanced network elasticity, reduced damping as evidenced by a low tan δ, improved strain tolerance, and greater thermal stability up to 150°C. Nonlinear strain sweeps and KDR analysis showed suppressed Payne-type softening and higher strain tolerance. For NBR-IL5, the G″ₘₐₓ/G″₀ value reached 8.78, while the experimentally measured tan δ went down to approximately 0.0594. All this results in a highly elastic and low damping ionically mediated network. The IL-assisted sulfur cure system is thus a green and scalable alternative to the traditional route of vulcanization and confers added performance improvements without increasing its environmental footprint while furthering sustainable rubber processing technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Materials Science is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s10853-026-13267-w
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 21
        StartPage: 25153
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Ionic liquids
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Vulcanization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Elasticity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rheology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sustainable chemistry
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      – SubjectFull: Nitrile rubber
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Sustainable curing system of nitrile butadiene rubber vulcanizates and their rheological behaviors tailored by ionic liquid.
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              M: 09
              Text: Sep2026
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