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Cross-Scale Correlation Analysis Between Forming Quality and Microstructural Response During SPIF of the Al 1060 Based on PEEQ-Based SSD Density Inference and EBSD Characterization.

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Title: Cross-Scale Correlation Analysis Between Forming Quality and Microstructural Response During SPIF of the Al 1060 Based on PEEQ-Based SSD Density Inference and EBSD Characterization.
Authors: Zhang, Xinyue1 (AUTHOR), Zhu, Xiaojing1,2 (AUTHOR), Wang, Yuhuai2,3 (AUTHOR) 23a0104209@cjlu.edu.cn, Ye, Yaokun1,3 (AUTHOR), Zhao, Mingyan1,2 (AUTHOR), Zhou, Teng1,3 (AUTHOR), Li, Wenxun1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Jul2026, Vol. 19 Issue 14, p3152. 32p.
Subjects: Dislocation density, Electron backscattering, Aluminum alloys, Microstructure, Fabrication (Manufacturing), Finite element method, Grain refinement
Abstract: Single-point incremental forming (SPIF) produces localized plastic deformation, resulting in thickness reduction, geometrical deviation, and microstructural evolution. To establish the relationship between forming quality and microstructural response, this study develops a cross-scale analysis framework integrating finite element simulation, Kocks–Mecking (K–M)-based statistically stored dislocation (SSD) density inference, metallographic observation and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) characterization. Applied to an Al 1060 truncated-cone part, the framework converts the simulated equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) into SSD density via the K–M model calibrated using the Voce hardening model and the Taylor relation. The inferred SSD density distribution is then spatially correlated with thinning rate, geometrical deviation, grain size, grain-boundary misorientation, kernel average misorientation (KAM), and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density across different forming regions. The inferred SSD density rapidly approached a saturation level of 1.55 × 1013 m−2, while the high-SSD density region progressively expanded during forming. This regional evolution was qualitatively consistent with the EBSD observations. The average grain size decreased from 30.4 μm to 21.9 μm, and the medium-angle grain-boundary fraction increased from 10.3% to 34.5%. Regionally, thickness reduction correlates strongly with PEEQ accumulation, SSD storage, and grain refinement, whereas geometrical deviation is more closely related to early-stage deformation heterogeneity. These findings provide a physically based route for predicting and controlling SPIF accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Cross-Scale Correlation Analysis Between Forming Quality and Microstructural Response During SPIF of the Al 1060 Based on PEEQ-Based SSD Density Inference and EBSD Characterization.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Xinyue%22">Zhang, Xinyue</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhu%2C+Xiaojing%22">Zhu, Xiaojing</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Yuhuai%22">Wang, Yuhuai</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> 23a0104209@cjlu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ye%2C+Yaokun%22">Ye, Yaokun</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhao%2C+Mingyan%22">Zhao, Mingyan</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhou%2C+Teng%22">Zhou, Teng</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Wenxun%22">Li, Wenxun</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Jul2026, Vol. 19 Issue 14, p3152. 32p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dislocation+density%22">Dislocation density</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electron+backscattering%22">Electron backscattering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Aluminum+alloys%22">Aluminum alloys</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microstructure%22">Microstructure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fabrication+%28Manufacturing%29%22">Fabrication (Manufacturing)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Finite+element+method%22">Finite element method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grain+refinement%22">Grain refinement</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Single-point incremental forming (SPIF) produces localized plastic deformation, resulting in thickness reduction, geometrical deviation, and microstructural evolution. To establish the relationship between forming quality and microstructural response, this study develops a cross-scale analysis framework integrating finite element simulation, Kocks–Mecking (K–M)-based statistically stored dislocation (SSD) density inference, metallographic observation and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) characterization. Applied to an Al 1060 truncated-cone part, the framework converts the simulated equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) into SSD density via the K–M model calibrated using the Voce hardening model and the Taylor relation. The inferred SSD density distribution is then spatially correlated with thinning rate, geometrical deviation, grain size, grain-boundary misorientation, kernel average misorientation (KAM), and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density across different forming regions. The inferred SSD density rapidly approached a saturation level of 1.55 × 1013 m−2, while the high-SSD density region progressively expanded during forming. This regional evolution was qualitatively consistent with the EBSD observations. The average grain size decreased from 30.4 μm to 21.9 μm, and the medium-angle grain-boundary fraction increased from 10.3% to 34.5%. Regionally, thickness reduction correlates strongly with PEEQ accumulation, SSD storage, and grain refinement, whereas geometrical deviation is more closely related to early-stage deformation heterogeneity. These findings provide a physically based route for predicting and controlling SPIF accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/ma19143152
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 32
        StartPage: 3152
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Dislocation density
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electron backscattering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aluminum alloys
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microstructure
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      – SubjectFull: Fabrication (Manufacturing)
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      – SubjectFull: Finite element method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Grain refinement
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    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Cross-Scale Correlation Analysis Between Forming Quality and Microstructural Response During SPIF of the Al 1060 Based on PEEQ-Based SSD Density Inference and EBSD Characterization.
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            NameFull: Zhang, Xinyue
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              M: 07
              Text: Jul2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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