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Optimization of Difluorophenazine-Based Polymers via Substituent Modifications for Solar Energy Applications.

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Title: Optimization of Difluorophenazine-Based Polymers via Substituent Modifications for Solar Energy Applications.
Authors: Puspitasari1 (AUTHOR), Kim, Jaehyeong2 (AUTHOR), Agneeswari, Rajalingam1,3 (AUTHOR), Lee, Jae-Hoon1,3,4 (AUTHOR), Song, Suhee2,5 (AUTHOR), Lee, Won-Ki1,3,4 (AUTHOR), Yang, Wang Yong2,5 (AUTHOR), Kim, Jin Young2,3 (AUTHOR), Jin, Youngeup1,3,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Aug2026, Vol. 19 Issue 15, p3349. 13p.
Subjects: Solar cell efficiency, Conjugated polymers, Functional groups, Copolymers, Solar energy, Solar panels, Photoelectricity, Fluoropolymers
Abstract: A series of donor–acceptor π-conjugated polymers based on Difluorophenazine acceptor and benzodithiophene donor units with different substituents, hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F), and sulfur (S), was designed and synthesized to investigate how donor-side substituent modification influences optoelectronic properties. The substituent variation systematically modulated the optical band gaps (1.72–1.82 eV) and HOMO energy levels (−5.42 to −5.58 eV). When applied in bulk heterojunction solar cells with the Y6 acceptor, these polymers delivered power conversion efficiencies ranging from 3.85% to 7.79%. The fluorinated polymer P(BDTTF-TffPzT) exhibited the best performance, with Jsc = 19.65 mA cm−2, Voc = 0.825 V, and FF = 0.481. These findings establish that donor-side substituent engineering is an effective molecular design strategy for tuning optoelectronic properties and device performance in phenazine-based polymer systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Optimization of Difluorophenazine-Based Polymers via Substituent Modifications for Solar Energy Applications.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Puspitasari%22">Puspitasari</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Jaehyeong%22">Kim, Jaehyeong</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Agneeswari%2C+Rajalingam%22">Agneeswari, Rajalingam</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lee%2C+Jae-Hoon%22">Lee, Jae-Hoon</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Song%2C+Suhee%22">Song, Suhee</searchLink><relatesTo>2,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lee%2C+Won-Ki%22">Lee, Won-Ki</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang%2C+Wang+Yong%22">Yang, Wang Yong</searchLink><relatesTo>2,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Jin+Young%22">Kim, Jin Young</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jin%2C+Youngeup%22">Jin, Youngeup</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Aug2026, Vol. 19 Issue 15, p3349. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+cell+efficiency%22">Solar cell efficiency</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Conjugated+polymers%22">Conjugated polymers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Functional+groups%22">Functional groups</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Copolymers%22">Copolymers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+energy%22">Solar energy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+panels%22">Solar panels</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photoelectricity%22">Photoelectricity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fluoropolymers%22">Fluoropolymers</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: A series of donor–acceptor π-conjugated polymers based on Difluorophenazine acceptor and benzodithiophene donor units with different substituents, hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F), and sulfur (S), was designed and synthesized to investigate how donor-side substituent modification influences optoelectronic properties. The substituent variation systematically modulated the optical band gaps (1.72–1.82 eV) and HOMO energy levels (−5.42 to −5.58 eV). When applied in bulk heterojunction solar cells with the Y6 acceptor, these polymers delivered power conversion efficiencies ranging from 3.85% to 7.79%. The fluorinated polymer P(BDTTF-TffPzT) exhibited the best performance, with Jsc = 19.65 mA cm−2, Voc = 0.825 V, and FF = 0.481. These findings establish that donor-side substituent engineering is an effective molecular design strategy for tuning optoelectronic properties and device performance in phenazine-based polymer systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/ma19153349
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 3349
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Solar cell efficiency
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Conjugated polymers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Functional groups
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Copolymers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solar energy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solar panels
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      – SubjectFull: Photoelectricity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fluoropolymers
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      – TitleFull: Optimization of Difluorophenazine-Based Polymers via Substituent Modifications for Solar Energy Applications.
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            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: Aug2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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