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A comparative study of near Earth solar wind parameters during different solar epoch.

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Title: A comparative study of near Earth solar wind parameters during different solar epoch.
Authors: Gulfam1 (AUTHOR), Himanshu1 (AUTHOR), Vinit kumar1 (AUTHOR), Kumar, Sachin2 (AUTHOR), Das, Rupesh M.3 (AUTHOR), Gautam, Yogendra K.1 (AUTHOR), Singh, Beer Pal1 (AUTHOR), Sharma, Kavita1 (AUTHOR) sharmak29@gmail.com
Source: Journal of Astrophysics & Astronomy. 9/8/2026, Vol. 47 Issue 2, p1-13. 13p.
Subjects: Solar wind, Solar cycle, Heliosphere, Space environment
Abstract: Annual variations in the near-Earth solar wind arise from evolving solar activity and Earth's passage through the heliosphere, and play a critical role in space weather and its impacts on space based technological systems. Solar wind properties exhibit pronounced differences between solar minimum and maximum, influencing the terrestrial magnetosphere and upper atmosphere. In this study, we examine the solar cycle dependent variability of near-Earth solar wind plasma parameters during various phases of solar cycles 23, 24, and 25 using in situ observations from the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft. Long-term variations in solar wind bulk speed ′ V r ′ , proton number density ′ n p ′ , dynamic pressure ′ P dyn ′ , and proton temperature ′ T p ′ measured in the ecliptic plane are analysed across different phases of solar cycles using non-parametric trend tests and correlation techniques. The results demonstrate strong modulation of solar wind properties by solar activity and highlight the unusually weak heliospheric conditions during recent cycles. The extended minimum between cycles 23 and 24 is characterised by relatively low n p and P dyn with subdued conditions persisting throughout cycle 24 and into cycle 25, apart from transient enhancements linked to coronal mass ejections and stream interaction regions. Trend analysis indicates the absence of sustained monotonic behaviour, suggesting dominance of short-term variability. A robust positive correlation between V r and T p is observed, while correlations involving n p and P dyn remain weak, indicating that fundamental solar wind acceleration and heating processes persist despite reduced solar activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Astrophysics & Astronomy is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: A comparative study of near Earth solar wind parameters during different solar epoch.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gulfam%22">Gulfam</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Himanshu%22">Himanshu</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Vinit+kumar%22">Vinit kumar</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kumar%2C+Sachin%22">Kumar, Sachin</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Das%2C+Rupesh+M%2E%22">Das, Rupesh M.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gautam%2C+Yogendra+K%2E%22">Gautam, Yogendra K.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Singh%2C+Beer+Pal%22">Singh, Beer Pal</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sharma%2C+Kavita%22">Sharma, Kavita</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> sharmak29@gmail.com</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Astrophysics+%26+Astronomy%22">Journal of Astrophysics & Astronomy</searchLink>. 9/8/2026, Vol. 47 Issue 2, p1-13. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+wind%22">Solar wind</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+cycle%22">Solar cycle</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heliosphere%22">Heliosphere</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Space+environment%22">Space environment</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Annual variations in the near-Earth solar wind arise from evolving solar activity and Earth's passage through the heliosphere, and play a critical role in space weather and its impacts on space based technological systems. Solar wind properties exhibit pronounced differences between solar minimum and maximum, influencing the terrestrial magnetosphere and upper atmosphere. In this study, we examine the solar cycle dependent variability of near-Earth solar wind plasma parameters during various phases of solar cycles 23, 24, and 25 using in situ observations from the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft. Long-term variations in solar wind bulk speed ′ V r ′ , proton number density ′ n p ′ , dynamic pressure ′ P dyn ′ , and proton temperature ′ T p ′ measured in the ecliptic plane are analysed across different phases of solar cycles using non-parametric trend tests and correlation techniques. The results demonstrate strong modulation of solar wind properties by solar activity and highlight the unusually weak heliospheric conditions during recent cycles. The extended minimum between cycles 23 and 24 is characterised by relatively low n p and P dyn with subdued conditions persisting throughout cycle 24 and into cycle 25, apart from transient enhancements linked to coronal mass ejections and stream interaction regions. Trend analysis indicates the absence of sustained monotonic behaviour, suggesting dominance of short-term variability. A robust positive correlation between V r and T p is observed, while correlations involving n p and P dyn remain weak, indicating that fundamental solar wind acceleration and heating processes persist despite reduced solar activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Astrophysics & Astronomy is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s12036-026-10170-3
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Solar wind
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solar cycle
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Heliosphere
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Space environment
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      – TitleFull: A comparative study of near Earth solar wind parameters during different solar epoch.
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              Text: 9/8/2026
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              Y: 2026
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