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Field FBG monitoring of helicopter landing gear: data integrity screening and time–frequency characterization of operational events.

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Title: Field FBG monitoring of helicopter landing gear: data integrity screening and time–frequency characterization of operational events.
Authors: Vendittozzi, Cristian1 cristian.vendittozzi@uniroma1.it, Brindisi, Angela2 a.brindisi@cira.it, Concilio, Antonio2 a.concilio@cira.it, Ameduri, Salvatore2 s.ameduri@cira.it, di Micco, Emilia1 emilia.dimicco@uniroma1.it, Berto, Filippo1 filippo.berto@uniroma1.it, Natali, Stefano1 stefano.natali@uniroma1.it, Tittoni, Daniele3 daniele.tittoni@vigilfuoco.it
Source: Fracture & Structural Integrity. Oct2026, Issue 78, p519-540. 22p.
Subjects: Fiber Bragg gratings, Time-frequency analysis, Strain sensors, Data integrity, Landing gear, Signal processing, Structural health monitoring
Abstract: Operational monitoring of helicopter landing gear can benefit from direct strain measurements able to resolve transient contact and roll-out dynamics. This work presents a field demonstration of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) measurement and processing workflow applied to the main landing gear of an Erickson S-64 Skycrane operated by the Italian National Fire Brigade. Four gratings were bonded to the landing-gear structure, and wavelength data were acquired at 1 kHz during operational activities. The study does not aim to perform damage detection, health-state assessment, or hard-landing classification; rather, it evaluates whether field-acquired FBG signals affected by realistic acquisition imperfections can be transformed into interpretable time–frequency descriptors. Raw wavelength records were screened for dropouts, saturation artifacts, and spikes, then converted to normalized strain and high-pass filtered. Event-centered analyses based on Hann-window short-time Fourier transform (STFT), Thomson multitaper estimates, and ridge tracking revealed recurrent transient signatures and sensor-dependent frequency families in two representative datasets. The results support FBG-derived landing-event characterization under field conditions, while showing that synchronized avionics references, temperature compensation, and larger repeated datasets are required before validated Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS) or structural-integrity decisions can be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Fracture & Structural Integrity is the property of Gruppo Italiano Frattura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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  Data: Field FBG monitoring of helicopter landing gear: data integrity screening and time–frequency characterization of operational events.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Vendittozzi%2C+Cristian%22">Vendittozzi, Cristian</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> cristian.vendittozzi@uniroma1.it</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Brindisi%2C+Angela%22">Brindisi, Angela</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><i> a.brindisi@cira.it</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Concilio%2C+Antonio%22">Concilio, Antonio</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><i> a.concilio@cira.it</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ameduri%2C+Salvatore%22">Ameduri, Salvatore</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><i> s.ameduri@cira.it</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22di+Micco%2C+Emilia%22">di Micco, Emilia</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> emilia.dimicco@uniroma1.it</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Berto%2C+Filippo%22">Berto, Filippo</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> filippo.berto@uniroma1.it</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Natali%2C+Stefano%22">Natali, Stefano</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> stefano.natali@uniroma1.it</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tittoni%2C+Daniele%22">Tittoni, Daniele</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><i> daniele.tittoni@vigilfuoco.it</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Fracture+%26+Structural+Integrity%22">Fracture & Structural Integrity</searchLink>. Oct2026, Issue 78, p519-540. 22p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fiber+Bragg+gratings%22">Fiber Bragg gratings</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Time-frequency+analysis%22">Time-frequency analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Strain+sensors%22">Strain sensors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+integrity%22">Data integrity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Landing+gear%22">Landing gear</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Signal+processing%22">Signal processing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Structural+health+monitoring%22">Structural health monitoring</searchLink>
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  Data: Operational monitoring of helicopter landing gear can benefit from direct strain measurements able to resolve transient contact and roll-out dynamics. This work presents a field demonstration of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) measurement and processing workflow applied to the main landing gear of an Erickson S-64 Skycrane operated by the Italian National Fire Brigade. Four gratings were bonded to the landing-gear structure, and wavelength data were acquired at 1 kHz during operational activities. The study does not aim to perform damage detection, health-state assessment, or hard-landing classification; rather, it evaluates whether field-acquired FBG signals affected by realistic acquisition imperfections can be transformed into interpretable time–frequency descriptors. Raw wavelength records were screened for dropouts, saturation artifacts, and spikes, then converted to normalized strain and high-pass filtered. Event-centered analyses based on Hann-window short-time Fourier transform (STFT), Thomson multitaper estimates, and ridge tracking revealed recurrent transient signatures and sensor-dependent frequency families in two representative datasets. The results support FBG-derived landing-event characterization under field conditions, while showing that synchronized avionics references, temperature compensation, and larger repeated datasets are required before validated Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS) or structural-integrity decisions can be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Fracture & Structural Integrity is the property of Gruppo Italiano Frattura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.78.30
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 22
        StartPage: 519
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Time-frequency analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Strain sensors
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      – SubjectFull: Data integrity
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      – SubjectFull: Landing gear
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      – SubjectFull: Signal processing
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      – SubjectFull: Structural health monitoring
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              M: 10
              Text: Oct2026
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              Y: 2026
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