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Numerical Simulations of the Wake of Kauai.

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Title: Numerical Simulations of the Wake of Kauai.
Authors: Lane, Todd P.1,2 tplane@unimelb.edu.au, Sharman, Robert D.2, Frehlich, Rod G.2,3, Brown, John M.4
Source: Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology. Sep2006, Vol. 45 Issue 9, p1313-1331. 19p. 1 Diagram, 1 Chart, 13 Graphs.
Subjects: Ecology simulation methods, Trade winds, Shear waves, Topographical surveying, Atmospheric turbulence, Remote-sensing images, Ecology
Geographic Terms: Kauai (Hawaii)
Abstract: This study uses a series of numerical simulations to examine the structure of the wake of the Hawaiian island of Kauai. The primary focus is on the conditions on 26 June 2003, which was the day of the demise of the Helios aircraft within Kauai’s wake. The simulations show that, in an east-northeasterly trade wind flow, Kauai produces a well-defined wake that can extend 40 km downstream of the island. The wake is bounded to the north and south by regions of strong vertical and horizontal shear—that is, shear lines. These shear lines mark the edge of the wake in the horizontal plane and are aligned approximately parallel to the upstream flow direction at each respective height. The highest-resolution simulations show that these shear lines can become unstable and break down through Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. The breakdown generates turbulent eddies that are advected both downstream and into the recirculating wake flow. Turbulence statistics are estimated from the simulation using a technique that analyzes model-derived structure functions. A number of sensitivity studies are also completed to determine the influence of the upstream conditions on the structure of the wake. These simulations show that directional shear controls the tilt of the wake in the north–south plane with height. These simulations also show that at lower incident wind speeds the wake has a qualitatively similar structure but is less turbulent. At higher wind speeds, the flow regime changes, strong gravity waves are generated, and the wake is poorly defined. These results are consistent with previous idealized studies of stratified flow over isolated obstacles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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  Data: Numerical Simulations of the Wake of Kauai.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ecology+simulation+methods%22">Ecology simulation methods</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Trade+winds%22">Trade winds</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Shear+waves%22">Shear waves</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Topographical+surveying%22">Topographical surveying</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atmospheric+turbulence%22">Atmospheric turbulence</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Remote-sensing+images%22">Remote-sensing images</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ecology%22">Ecology</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Kauai+%28Hawaii%29%22">Kauai (Hawaii)</searchLink>
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  Data: This study uses a series of numerical simulations to examine the structure of the wake of the Hawaiian island of Kauai. The primary focus is on the conditions on 26 June 2003, which was the day of the demise of the Helios aircraft within Kauai’s wake. The simulations show that, in an east-northeasterly trade wind flow, Kauai produces a well-defined wake that can extend 40 km downstream of the island. The wake is bounded to the north and south by regions of strong vertical and horizontal shear—that is, shear lines. These shear lines mark the edge of the wake in the horizontal plane and are aligned approximately parallel to the upstream flow direction at each respective height. The highest-resolution simulations show that these shear lines can become unstable and break down through Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. The breakdown generates turbulent eddies that are advected both downstream and into the recirculating wake flow. Turbulence statistics are estimated from the simulation using a technique that analyzes model-derived structure functions. A number of sensitivity studies are also completed to determine the influence of the upstream conditions on the structure of the wake. These simulations show that directional shear controls the tilt of the wake in the north–south plane with height. These simulations also show that at lower incident wind speeds the wake has a qualitatively similar structure but is less turbulent. At higher wind speeds, the flow regime changes, strong gravity waves are generated, and the wake is poorly defined. These results are consistent with previous idealized studies of stratified flow over isolated obstacles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology is the property of American Meteorological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1175/JAM2405.1
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 19
        StartPage: 1313
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Ecology simulation methods
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Trade winds
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Shear waves
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Topographical surveying
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Atmospheric turbulence
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Remote-sensing images
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ecology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Kauai (Hawaii)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Numerical Simulations of the Wake of Kauai.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Lane, Todd P.
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            NameFull: Sharman, Robert D.
      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Frehlich, Rod G.
      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Brown, John M.
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            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Text: Sep2006
              Type: published
              Y: 2006
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              Value: 45
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              Value: 9
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology
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