View in EDS

Optimization studies of carbon additives to negative active material for the purpose of extending the life of VRLA batteries in high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Title: Optimization studies of carbon additives to negative active material for the purpose of extending the life of VRLA batteries in high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation
Authors: Boden, D.P. dboden@hmndexpander.com, Loosemore, D.V.1, Spence, M.A.1, Wojcinski, T.D.1
Source: Journal of Power Sources. Jul2010, Vol. 195 Issue 14, p4470-4493. 24p.
Subjects: Lead-acid batteries, Battery additives, Carbon-black, Cathodes, Hybrid electric vehicles, Graphite, Activated carbon
Abstract: Abstract: The negative plates of lead-acid batteries subjected to partial-state-of-charge (PSOC) operation fail because of the development of an electrically inert film of lead sulfate on their surfaces. It has been found that carbon additives to the negative active material can significantly increase their cycle life in this type of operation. In this paper we show that various types of carbon, including graphite, carbon black eliminate the surface development of lead sulfate and that, in their presence, the lead sulfate becomes homogeneously distributed throughout the active material. Examination of active material by energy dispersive spectroscopy after extensive cycling shows that lead formed during charge of lead sulfate preferentially deposits on the carbon particles that have been embedded in the active material. Electrochemical studies have been carried out on a number of types of carbon additives having a wide range of properties. These included flake, expanded and synthetic graphite, isotropically graphitized carbon, carbon black and activated carbon. We have investigated their effect on the resistivity and surface areas of the negative active material and also on such electrochemical properties as active material utilization and cycle life. Most of the carbon additives increase the utilization of the active material and impressive increases in cycle life have been obtained with over 6000 capacity turnovers having been achieved. However, at this time, we have not been able to correlate either the type or the properties of the carbon with capacity or cycle life. Further work is needed in this area. The increases that have been achieved in cycle life provide evidence that the lead-acid battery is a viable low cost option for hybrid-electric vehicle use. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Copyright of Journal of Power Sources is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 49109513
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Optimization studies of carbon additives to negative active material for the purpose of extending the life of VRLA batteries in high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Boden%2C+D%2EP%2E%22">Boden, D.P.</searchLink><i> dboden@hmndexpander.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Loosemore%2C+D%2EV%2E%22">Loosemore, D.V.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Spence%2C+M%2EA%2E%22">Spence, M.A.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wojcinski%2C+T%2ED%2E%22">Wojcinski, T.D.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo>
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Power+Sources%22">Journal of Power Sources</searchLink>. Jul2010, Vol. 195 Issue 14, p4470-4493. 24p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lead-acid+batteries%22">Lead-acid batteries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Battery+additives%22">Battery additives</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbon-black%22">Carbon-black</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cathodes%22">Cathodes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hybrid+electric+vehicles%22">Hybrid electric vehicles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphite%22">Graphite</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Activated+carbon%22">Activated carbon</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Abstract: The negative plates of lead-acid batteries subjected to partial-state-of-charge (PSOC) operation fail because of the development of an electrically inert film of lead sulfate on their surfaces. It has been found that carbon additives to the negative active material can significantly increase their cycle life in this type of operation. In this paper we show that various types of carbon, including graphite, carbon black eliminate the surface development of lead sulfate and that, in their presence, the lead sulfate becomes homogeneously distributed throughout the active material. Examination of active material by energy dispersive spectroscopy after extensive cycling shows that lead formed during charge of lead sulfate preferentially deposits on the carbon particles that have been embedded in the active material. Electrochemical studies have been carried out on a number of types of carbon additives having a wide range of properties. These included flake, expanded and synthetic graphite, isotropically graphitized carbon, carbon black and activated carbon. We have investigated their effect on the resistivity and surface areas of the negative active material and also on such electrochemical properties as active material utilization and cycle life. Most of the carbon additives increase the utilization of the active material and impressive increases in cycle life have been obtained with over 6000 capacity turnovers having been achieved. However, at this time, we have not been able to correlate either the type or the properties of the carbon with capacity or cycle life. Further work is needed in this area. The increases that have been achieved in cycle life provide evidence that the lead-acid battery is a viable low cost option for hybrid-electric vehicle use. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Power Sources is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=egs&AN=49109513
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.12.069
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 24
        StartPage: 4470
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Lead-acid batteries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Battery additives
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carbon-black
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cathodes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hybrid electric vehicles
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Graphite
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Activated carbon
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Optimization studies of carbon additives to negative active material for the purpose of extending the life of VRLA batteries in high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Boden, D.P.
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Loosemore, D.V.
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Spence, M.A.
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Wojcinski, T.D.
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 15
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2010
              Type: published
              Y: 2010
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 03787753
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 195
            – Type: issue
              Value: 14
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Journal of Power Sources
              Type: main
ResultId 1