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Novel antifouling agent zinc pyrithione: determination, acute toxicity, and bioaccumulation in marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis).

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Title: Novel antifouling agent zinc pyrithione: determination, acute toxicity, and bioaccumulation in marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis).
Authors: Marcheselli, Marco1 marco•marcheselli@yahoo.it, Rustichelli, Cecilia2, Mauri, Marina1
Source: Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry. Nov2010, Vol. 29 Issue 11, p2583-2592. 10p. 2 Charts, 6 Graphs.
Subjects: Biocides, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Bioaccumulation, Biotic communities, Bioindicators, Environmental toxicology
Abstract: Antifouling biocide zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) and its biological fate have received little attention because this compound was assumed not to be persistent in marine ecosystems. An analytical procedure was developed that has proved to be efficient and very sensitive in extracting ZnPT and its main secondary products, Zn and ionized pyrithione (PT-), from both seawater and biological samples, namely in the gills and digestive gland of the bioindicator species Mytilus galloprovincialis. Short-term experiments were carried out to investigate ZnPT toxicity and bioaccumulation. The effects on survival and tissue bioaccumulation of ZnPT and its secondary products were studied on adult mussels from a natural population, collected in the harbor area of Porto Santo Stefano (Italy) and exposed to sublethal doses of the biocide for up to 7 d. Zinc pyrithione was shown to be persistent in the experimental seawater in the short term. A basal level of ZnPT and ionized PT- was detected in the mussels, indicating that ZnPT availability in the sampling site is already high enough to induce a detectable accumulation in individuals of the native population. Zinc pyrithione rapidly accumulated in the tissues of the exposed mussels, proportionately to both exposure concentration and time, identifying the gills and digestive gland as important targets in the biological pathway of the contaminants. Even though the 7-d median lethal concentration (LC50) = 8.27 µM established here appears high with respect to reported ZnPT environmental concentrations, the results indicate that this biocide could represent a threat for marine organisms in coastal environments and that further investigations on its biological effects at sublethal doses are needed. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2583-2592. © 2010 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Novel antifouling agent zinc pyrithione: determination, acute toxicity, and bioaccumulation in marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis).
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marcheselli%2C+Marco%22">Marcheselli, Marco</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> marco•marcheselli@yahoo.it</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rustichelli%2C+Cecilia%22">Rustichelli, Cecilia</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mauri%2C+Marina%22">Mauri, Marina</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Environmental+Toxicology+%26+Chemistry%22">Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry</searchLink>. Nov2010, Vol. 29 Issue 11, p2583-2592. 10p. 2 Charts, 6 Graphs.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biocides%22">Biocides</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mytilus+galloprovincialis%22">Mytilus galloprovincialis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bioaccumulation%22">Bioaccumulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biotic+communities%22">Biotic communities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bioindicators%22">Bioindicators</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+toxicology%22">Environmental toxicology</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Antifouling biocide zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) and its biological fate have received little attention because this compound was assumed not to be persistent in marine ecosystems. An analytical procedure was developed that has proved to be efficient and very sensitive in extracting ZnPT and its main secondary products, Zn and ionized pyrithione (PT-), from both seawater and biological samples, namely in the gills and digestive gland of the bioindicator species Mytilus galloprovincialis. Short-term experiments were carried out to investigate ZnPT toxicity and bioaccumulation. The effects on survival and tissue bioaccumulation of ZnPT and its secondary products were studied on adult mussels from a natural population, collected in the harbor area of Porto Santo Stefano (Italy) and exposed to sublethal doses of the biocide for up to 7 d. Zinc pyrithione was shown to be persistent in the experimental seawater in the short term. A basal level of ZnPT and ionized PT- was detected in the mussels, indicating that ZnPT availability in the sampling site is already high enough to induce a detectable accumulation in individuals of the native population. Zinc pyrithione rapidly accumulated in the tissues of the exposed mussels, proportionately to both exposure concentration and time, identifying the gills and digestive gland as important targets in the biological pathway of the contaminants. Even though the 7-d median lethal concentration (LC50) = 8.27 µM established here appears high with respect to reported ZnPT environmental concentrations, the results indicate that this biocide could represent a threat for marine organisms in coastal environments and that further investigations on its biological effects at sublethal doses are needed. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2583-2592. © 2010 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mytilus galloprovincialis
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      – SubjectFull: Bioaccumulation
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      – TitleFull: Novel antifouling agent zinc pyrithione: determination, acute toxicity, and bioaccumulation in marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis).
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            NameFull: Marcheselli, Marco
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              M: 11
              Text: Nov2010
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