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Contemporary flowstone development links early hominin bearing cave deposits in South Africa

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Title: Contemporary flowstone development links early hominin bearing cave deposits in South Africa
Authors: Pickering, Robyn1,2 r.pickering@unimelb.edu.au, Kramers, Jan D.3,4, Hancox, Philip John4, de Ruiter, Darryl J.5, Woodhead, Jon D.1
Source: Earth & Planetary Science Letters. Jun2011, Vol. 306 Issue 1/2, p23-32. 10p.
Subjects: Speleothems, Radioactive dating, Paranthropus, Sediments, Calcium carbonate, Biostratigraphy, Chronology, Australopithecines
Geographic Terms: South Africa
Abstract: Abstract: The Cradle of Humankind cave sites in South Africa preserve fossil evidence of four early hominin taxa: Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus sediba, Paranthropus robustus and early Homo. In order to integrate this record into a pan-African scenario of human evolutionary history it is critical to have reliable dates and temporal ranges for the southern African hominins. In the past a lack of precise and accurate chronological data has prevented the evaluation of the temporal relationships between the various sites. Here we report new uranium–lead (U–Pb) radiometric ages obtained from sheets of calcium carbonate flowstone inter-bedded between clastic cave sediments at the site of Swartkrans, providing bracketing ages for the fossiliferous deposits. The fossil bearing units of Swartkrans, specifically the Hanging Remnant and Lower Bank of Member 1, are underlain by flowstone layers dated to 2.25±0.05Ma and 2.25±0.08Ma and capped by layers of 1.8±0.01Ma and 1.7±0.07Ma. The age bracket of the Member 1 deposits is therefore between 2.31 and 1.64Ma. However, by combining the U–Pb with biostratigraphic data we suggest that this can be narrowed down to between 1.9 and 1.8Ma. These data can be compared with other recently dated sites and a radiometrically dated U–Pb age sequence formed: Sterkfontein Member 4, Swartkrans Member 1, Malapa, and Cooper''s D. From this new U–Pb dataset, a pattern of contemporary flowstone development emerges, with different caves recording the same flowstone-forming event. Specifically overlapping flowstone formation takes place at Swartkrans and Sterkfontein at ~2.29Ma and ~1.77Ma, and at Sterkfontein and Malapa at ∼2.02Ma. This suggests a regional control over the nature and timing of speleothem development in cave deposits and these flowstone layers could assist in future correlation, both internal to specific deposits and regionally between sites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Copyright of Earth & Planetary Science Letters is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Contemporary flowstone development links early hominin bearing cave deposits in South Africa
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pickering%2C+Robyn%22">Pickering, Robyn</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><i> r.pickering@unimelb.edu.au</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kramers%2C+Jan+D%2E%22">Kramers, Jan D.</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hancox%2C+Philip+John%22">Hancox, Philip John</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22de+Ruiter%2C+Darryl+J%2E%22">de Ruiter, Darryl J.</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Woodhead%2C+Jon+D%2E%22">Woodhead, Jon D.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Earth+%26+Planetary+Science+Letters%22">Earth & Planetary Science Letters</searchLink>. Jun2011, Vol. 306 Issue 1/2, p23-32. 10p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22South+Africa%22">South Africa</searchLink>
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  Data: Abstract: The Cradle of Humankind cave sites in South Africa preserve fossil evidence of four early hominin taxa: Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus sediba, Paranthropus robustus and early Homo. In order to integrate this record into a pan-African scenario of human evolutionary history it is critical to have reliable dates and temporal ranges for the southern African hominins. In the past a lack of precise and accurate chronological data has prevented the evaluation of the temporal relationships between the various sites. Here we report new uranium–lead (U–Pb) radiometric ages obtained from sheets of calcium carbonate flowstone inter-bedded between clastic cave sediments at the site of Swartkrans, providing bracketing ages for the fossiliferous deposits. The fossil bearing units of Swartkrans, specifically the Hanging Remnant and Lower Bank of Member 1, are underlain by flowstone layers dated to 2.25±0.05Ma and 2.25±0.08Ma and capped by layers of 1.8±0.01Ma and 1.7±0.07Ma. The age bracket of the Member 1 deposits is therefore between 2.31 and 1.64Ma. However, by combining the U–Pb with biostratigraphic data we suggest that this can be narrowed down to between 1.9 and 1.8Ma. These data can be compared with other recently dated sites and a radiometrically dated U–Pb age sequence formed: Sterkfontein Member 4, Swartkrans Member 1, Malapa, and Cooper''s D. From this new U–Pb dataset, a pattern of contemporary flowstone development emerges, with different caves recording the same flowstone-forming event. Specifically overlapping flowstone formation takes place at Swartkrans and Sterkfontein at ~2.29Ma and ~1.77Ma, and at Sterkfontein and Malapa at ∼2.02Ma. This suggests a regional control over the nature and timing of speleothem development in cave deposits and these flowstone layers could assist in future correlation, both internal to specific deposits and regionally between sites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Earth & Planetary Science Letters is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.03.019
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 10
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      – SubjectFull: Speleothems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Radioactive dating
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      – SubjectFull: Paranthropus
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      – SubjectFull: Sediments
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      – SubjectFull: Calcium carbonate
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      – SubjectFull: Chronology
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      – SubjectFull: Australopithecines
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      – SubjectFull: South Africa
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      – TitleFull: Contemporary flowstone development links early hominin bearing cave deposits in South Africa
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              Text: Jun2011
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