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Development of a two-band spectral imaging system for real-time citrus canker detection

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Title: Development of a two-band spectral imaging system for real-time citrus canker detection
Authors: Qin, Jianwei1 jianwei.qin@ars.usda.gov, Burks, Thomas F.1, Zhao, Xuhui1, Niphadkar, Nikhil1, Ritenour, Mark A.2
Source: Journal of Food Engineering. Jan2012, Vol. 108 Issue 1, p87-93. 7p.
Subjects: Citrus canker, Imaging systems, Image processing, Tungsten, Prototypes, Food inspection, Bandpass filters
Abstract: Abstract: Inspection of citrus canker is crucial due to its fast spread, high damage potential, and massive impact on export and domestic trade. This research was aimed to develop a prototype for real-time citrus canker detection. An inspection module was developed on a one-line commercial fruit sorting machine. Twenty tungsten halogen spotlights coupled with an aluminum dome painted with white diffuse paint provided reflectance illumination to the fruits in the detection chamber. The camera unit was a two-band spectral imaging system, which mainly consisted of a beamsplitter, two bandpass filters with central wavelengths at 730 and 830nm, and two identical monochrome cameras. Using an exposure time of 10ms, the imaging system can capture narrowband images without blurring from samples moving at a speed of 5 fruits/s. Spatial resolution of the acquired images was 2.3pixels/mm. Real-time image processing and classification algorithms were developed based on a two-band ratio approach (i.e., R830/R730). The system was tested using 360 grapefruits with normal surface, canker lesions, and other peel diseases and defects. The overall classification accuracy was 95.3%, demonstrating that the methodology as well as the hardware and the software are effective and suitable for real-time citrus canker detection. Greasy spot, melanose, and sooty mold could generate false positive errors for the fruits without canker. The current system setup was limited to a single perspective view of the fruits. Future work will be conducted with an emphasis on whole surface inspection of each fruit. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Copyright of Journal of Food Engineering is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 65935604
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Data: Development of a two-band spectral imaging system for real-time citrus canker detection
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Qin%2C+Jianwei%22">Qin, Jianwei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> jianwei.qin@ars.usda.gov</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Burks%2C+Thomas+F%2E%22">Burks, Thomas F.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhao%2C+Xuhui%22">Zhao, Xuhui</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Niphadkar%2C+Nikhil%22">Niphadkar, Nikhil</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ritenour%2C+Mark+A%2E%22">Ritenour, Mark A.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Food+Engineering%22">Journal of Food Engineering</searchLink>. Jan2012, Vol. 108 Issue 1, p87-93. 7p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Citrus+canker%22">Citrus canker</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Imaging+systems%22">Imaging systems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Image+processing%22">Image processing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tungsten%22">Tungsten</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Prototypes%22">Prototypes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Food+inspection%22">Food inspection</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bandpass+filters%22">Bandpass filters</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Abstract: Inspection of citrus canker is crucial due to its fast spread, high damage potential, and massive impact on export and domestic trade. This research was aimed to develop a prototype for real-time citrus canker detection. An inspection module was developed on a one-line commercial fruit sorting machine. Twenty tungsten halogen spotlights coupled with an aluminum dome painted with white diffuse paint provided reflectance illumination to the fruits in the detection chamber. The camera unit was a two-band spectral imaging system, which mainly consisted of a beamsplitter, two bandpass filters with central wavelengths at 730 and 830nm, and two identical monochrome cameras. Using an exposure time of 10ms, the imaging system can capture narrowband images without blurring from samples moving at a speed of 5 fruits/s. Spatial resolution of the acquired images was 2.3pixels/mm. Real-time image processing and classification algorithms were developed based on a two-band ratio approach (i.e., R830/R730). The system was tested using 360 grapefruits with normal surface, canker lesions, and other peel diseases and defects. The overall classification accuracy was 95.3%, demonstrating that the methodology as well as the hardware and the software are effective and suitable for real-time citrus canker detection. Greasy spot, melanose, and sooty mold could generate false positive errors for the fruits without canker. The current system setup was limited to a single perspective view of the fruits. Future work will be conducted with an emphasis on whole surface inspection of each fruit. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Food Engineering is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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        Value: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.07.022
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 7
        StartPage: 87
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      – SubjectFull: Citrus canker
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Imaging systems
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      – SubjectFull: Image processing
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      – SubjectFull: Tungsten
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      – SubjectFull: Prototypes
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      – SubjectFull: Food inspection
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      – SubjectFull: Bandpass filters
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      – TitleFull: Development of a two-band spectral imaging system for real-time citrus canker detection
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            NameFull: Zhao, Xuhui
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              Text: Jan2012
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              Y: 2012
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