Radiation shielding materials and radiation scatter effects for interventional radiology (IR) physicians.
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| Title: | Radiation shielding materials and radiation scatter effects for interventional radiology (IR) physicians. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | McCaffrey, J. P.1, Tessier, F.1, Shen, H.1 |
| Source: | Medical Physics. Jul2012, Vol. 39 Issue 7,Part 1, p4537-4546. 10p. |
| Subjects: | Radiation shielding, Scattering (Physics), Interventional radiology, General practitioners, Radiation protection, Attenuation (Physics), Fluorescence |
| Abstract: | Purpose: To measure the attenuation effectiveness and minimize the weight of new non-Pb radiation shielding materials used for radiation protection by interventional radiology (IR) physicians, to compare the accuracy of the different standard measurement geometries of these materials, and to determine x-ray qualities that correspond to the scattered radiation that IR physicians typically encounter. Methods: Radiation attenuation capabilities of non-Pb materials were investigated. Typically, most studies of non-Pb materials have focused on the attenuating properties of metal powders. In this study, layers of materials incorporating non-Pb powdered compounds such as Bi2O3, Gd2O3, and BaSO4 were measured individually, as bilayers, and as a Bi2O3-loaded hand cream. Attenuation measurements were performed in narrow-beam (fluorescence excluded) and broad beam (fluorescence included) geometries, demonstrating that these different geometries provided significantly different results. The Monte Carlo (MC) program EGSnrc was used to calculate the resulting spectra after attenuation by radiation shielding materials, and scattered x-ray spectra after 90° scattering of eight ASTM Standard primary x-ray beams. Surrogate x-ray qualities that corresponded to these scattered spectra were tabulated. Results: Radiation shielding materials incorporating Bi2O3 were found to provide equivalent or superior attenuation compared with commercial Pb-based and non-Pb materials across the 60-130 kVp energy range. Measurements were made for single layers of the Bi2O3 compound and for bilayers where the ordering was low atomic number (Z) layer closest to x-ray source/high Z (Bi2O3) layer farthest from the x-ray source. Narrow-beam Standard test methods which do not include the contribution from fluorescence overestimated the attenuating capabilities of Pb and non-Pb materials. Measurements of a newly developed, quick-drying, and easily removable Bi2O3-loaded hand cream demonstrated better attenuation capabilities than commercial Bi2O3-loaded gloves. Scattered radiation measurements and MC simulations illustrated that the spectra resulting from 90° scattering of primary x-ray beam qualities can be approximated by surrogate x-ray qualities which are more representative of the radiation actually encountered by IR physicians. A table of surrogate qualities of the eight ASTM F2547-06 Standard qualities was compiled. Conclusions: New non-Pb compound materials, particularly single layers or bilayers incorporating Bi2O3, can reduce the weight of radiation protection materials while providing equivalent or better protection compared to Pb-based materials. Attenuation measurements in geometries that exclude the contribution from fluorescence substantially underestimate the quantity of transmitted radiation. A new Bi2O3-loaded hand cream demonstrated a novel and effective approach for hand protection. Standard testing protocols for radiation protection materials used by IR physicians specify a wider kVp range than is necessary. A more realistic range would acknowledge the lower kVp resulting from scatter and allow IR physicians to confidently utilize lighter-weight materials while still receiving adequate protection. Standards protocols incorporating the adjustments described in this work would maintain the safety of IR personnel and lessen the physical repercussions of long hours wearing unnecessarily heavy radiation protection garments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Medical Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
| FullText | Links: – Type: pdflink Text: Availability: 0 |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 78029777 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Radiation shielding materials and radiation scatter effects for interventional radiology (IR) physicians. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22McCaffrey%2C+J%2E+P%2E%22">McCaffrey, J. P.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tessier%2C+F%2E%22">Tessier, F.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shen%2C+H%2E%22">Shen, H.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Medical+Physics%22">Medical Physics</searchLink>. Jul2012, Vol. 39 Issue 7,Part 1, p4537-4546. 10p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Radiation+shielding%22">Radiation shielding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scattering+%28Physics%29%22">Scattering (Physics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interventional+radiology%22">Interventional radiology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22General+practitioners%22">General practitioners</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Radiation+protection%22">Radiation protection</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Attenuation+%28Physics%29%22">Attenuation (Physics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fluorescence%22">Fluorescence</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Purpose: To measure the attenuation effectiveness and minimize the weight of new non-Pb radiation shielding materials used for radiation protection by interventional radiology (IR) physicians, to compare the accuracy of the different standard measurement geometries of these materials, and to determine x-ray qualities that correspond to the scattered radiation that IR physicians typically encounter. Methods: Radiation attenuation capabilities of non-Pb materials were investigated. Typically, most studies of non-Pb materials have focused on the attenuating properties of metal powders. In this study, layers of materials incorporating non-Pb powdered compounds such as Bi2O3, Gd2O3, and BaSO4 were measured individually, as bilayers, and as a Bi2O3-loaded hand cream. Attenuation measurements were performed in narrow-beam (fluorescence excluded) and broad beam (fluorescence included) geometries, demonstrating that these different geometries provided significantly different results. The Monte Carlo (MC) program EGSnrc was used to calculate the resulting spectra after attenuation by radiation shielding materials, and scattered x-ray spectra after 90° scattering of eight ASTM Standard primary x-ray beams. Surrogate x-ray qualities that corresponded to these scattered spectra were tabulated. Results: Radiation shielding materials incorporating Bi2O3 were found to provide equivalent or superior attenuation compared with commercial Pb-based and non-Pb materials across the 60-130 kVp energy range. Measurements were made for single layers of the Bi2O3 compound and for bilayers where the ordering was low atomic number (Z) layer closest to x-ray source/high Z (Bi2O3) layer farthest from the x-ray source. Narrow-beam Standard test methods which do not include the contribution from fluorescence overestimated the attenuating capabilities of Pb and non-Pb materials. Measurements of a newly developed, quick-drying, and easily removable Bi2O3-loaded hand cream demonstrated better attenuation capabilities than commercial Bi2O3-loaded gloves. Scattered radiation measurements and MC simulations illustrated that the spectra resulting from 90° scattering of primary x-ray beam qualities can be approximated by surrogate x-ray qualities which are more representative of the radiation actually encountered by IR physicians. A table of surrogate qualities of the eight ASTM F2547-06 Standard qualities was compiled. Conclusions: New non-Pb compound materials, particularly single layers or bilayers incorporating Bi2O3, can reduce the weight of radiation protection materials while providing equivalent or better protection compared to Pb-based materials. Attenuation measurements in geometries that exclude the contribution from fluorescence substantially underestimate the quantity of transmitted radiation. A new Bi2O3-loaded hand cream demonstrated a novel and effective approach for hand protection. Standard testing protocols for radiation protection materials used by IR physicians specify a wider kVp range than is necessary. A more realistic range would acknowledge the lower kVp resulting from scatter and allow IR physicians to confidently utilize lighter-weight materials while still receiving adequate protection. Standards protocols incorporating the adjustments described in this work would maintain the safety of IR personnel and lessen the physical repercussions of long hours wearing unnecessarily heavy radiation protection garments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Medical Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1118/1.4730504 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 10 StartPage: 4537 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Radiation shielding Type: general – SubjectFull: Scattering (Physics) Type: general – SubjectFull: Interventional radiology Type: general – SubjectFull: General practitioners Type: general – SubjectFull: Radiation protection Type: general – SubjectFull: Attenuation (Physics) Type: general – SubjectFull: Fluorescence Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Radiation shielding materials and radiation scatter effects for interventional radiology (IR) physicians. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: McCaffrey, J. P. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Tessier, F. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Shen, H. IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 07 Text: Jul2012 Type: published Y: 2012 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 00942405 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 39 – Type: issue Value: 7,Part 1 Titles: – TitleFull: Medical Physics Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
