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Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes.

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Title: Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes.
Authors: Marisaldi, Martino1 marisaldi@iasfbo.inaf.it, Fuschino, Fabio1, Labanti, Claudio1, Tavani, Marco2, Argan, Andrea3, Del Monte, Ettore2, Longo, Francesco4, Barbiellini, Guido4, Giuliani, Andrea5, Trois, Alessio6, Bulgarelli, Andrea1, Gianotti, Fulvio1, Trifoglio, Massimo1
Source: Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A. Aug2013, Vol. 720, p83-87. 5p.
Subjects: Terrestrial radiation, Gamma rays, Particle accelerators, Neutrons, Spectrum analysis, Mathematical models, Natural satellites
Abstract: Abstract: Lightning and thunderstorm systems in general have been recently recognized as powerful particle accelerators, capable of producing electrons, positrons, gamma-rays and neutrons with energies as high as several tens of MeV. In fact, these natural systems turn out to be the highest energy and most efficient natural particle accelerators on Earth. Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) are millisecond long, very intense bursts of gamma-rays and are one of the most intriguing manifestation of these natural accelerators. Only three currently operative missions are capable of detecting TGFs from space: the RHESSI, Fermi and AGILE satellites. In this paper we review the characteristics of TGFs, including energy spectrum, timing structure, beam geometry and correlation with lightning, and the basic principles of the associated production models. Then we focus on the recent AGILE discoveries concerning the high energy extension of the TGF spectrum up to 100MeV, which is difficult to reconcile with current theoretical models. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Copyright of Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marisaldi%2C+Martino%22">Marisaldi, Martino</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> marisaldi@iasfbo.inaf.it</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fuschino%2C+Fabio%22">Fuschino, Fabio</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Labanti%2C+Claudio%22">Labanti, Claudio</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tavani%2C+Marco%22">Tavani, Marco</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Argan%2C+Andrea%22">Argan, Andrea</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Del+Monte%2C+Ettore%22">Del Monte, Ettore</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Longo%2C+Francesco%22">Longo, Francesco</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Barbiellini%2C+Guido%22">Barbiellini, Guido</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Giuliani%2C+Andrea%22">Giuliani, Andrea</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Trois%2C+Alessio%22">Trois, Alessio</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bulgarelli%2C+Andrea%22">Bulgarelli, Andrea</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gianotti%2C+Fulvio%22">Gianotti, Fulvio</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Trifoglio%2C+Massimo%22">Trifoglio, Massimo</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Terrestrial+radiation%22">Terrestrial radiation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gamma+rays%22">Gamma rays</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Particle+accelerators%22">Particle accelerators</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neutrons%22">Neutrons</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Spectrum+analysis%22">Spectrum analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematical+models%22">Mathematical models</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Natural+satellites%22">Natural satellites</searchLink>
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  Data: Abstract: Lightning and thunderstorm systems in general have been recently recognized as powerful particle accelerators, capable of producing electrons, positrons, gamma-rays and neutrons with energies as high as several tens of MeV. In fact, these natural systems turn out to be the highest energy and most efficient natural particle accelerators on Earth. Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) are millisecond long, very intense bursts of gamma-rays and are one of the most intriguing manifestation of these natural accelerators. Only three currently operative missions are capable of detecting TGFs from space: the RHESSI, Fermi and AGILE satellites. In this paper we review the characteristics of TGFs, including energy spectrum, timing structure, beam geometry and correlation with lightning, and the basic principles of the associated production models. Then we focus on the recent AGILE discoveries concerning the high energy extension of the TGF spectrum up to 100MeV, which is difficult to reconcile with current theoretical models. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – SubjectFull: Terrestrial radiation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gamma rays
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      – SubjectFull: Particle accelerators
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              Text: Aug2013
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