The Evolution of Søderberg Aluminum Cell Technology in North and South America.
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| Title: | The Evolution of Søderberg Aluminum Cell Technology in North and South America. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Barber, Mike1, Tabereaux, Alton2 attaber@aol.com |
| Source: | JOM: The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS). Feb2014, Vol. 66 Issue 2, p223-234. 12p. 7 Color Photographs, 4 Black and White Photographs, 6 Charts, 4 Graphs. |
| Subjects: | Aluminum cell, Energy consumption, Aluminum metallurgy, Anodes, Smelting furnaces, Companhia Brasileira de Aluminio (Company) |
| Abstract: | In the 1940s, the horizontal stud Søderberg cells were considered to be superior to the small 30-kA Hall prebake cells, which at that time operated at a lower current efficiency and higher energy consumption. The amperage was first increased on the Søderberg cells from 30 kA to 50-60 kA and then later to 90-120 kA by basically increasing the anode length and the number of anode studs. Due to the increase in demand for aluminum metal, the less expensive Søderberg smelters proliferated in the 1940s to the 1970s in North and South America. In the 1970s, 24 Søderberg smelters located in North and South America had a primary aluminum capacity over 3 million tpy. The largest operating Søderberg smelter, Companhia Brasileira de Aluminio, has a plant capacity over 470000 tpy and started the last new Søderberg potline in 2007. However, poor magnetics inherent with end-to-end Søderberg cell busbar design limited any further increase in amperage while the side-to-side prebake cells were able to operate more efficiently at 200 kA and higher. Compared with prebake technology, Søderberg cells are now less efficient and have higher production costs, they are more difficult to automate and they have the greatest environmental and health challenges. Health studies from the middle of the 1970s showing a clear link between Søderberg tar fume exposure and the incidence of various types of cancer lead companies to propose a program of replacement. As a result, today there are only five Søderberg smelters operating in North and South America with a capacity of <1 million tpy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of JOM: The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
| FullText | Links: – Type: pdflink Text: Availability: 0 |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 94062467 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: The Evolution of Søderberg Aluminum Cell Technology in North and South America. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Barber%2C+Mike%22">Barber, Mike</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tabereaux%2C+Alton%22">Tabereaux, Alton</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><i> attaber@aol.com</i> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22JOM%3A+The+Journal+of+The+Minerals%2C+Metals+%26+Materials+Society+%28TMS%29%22">JOM: The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS)</searchLink>. Feb2014, Vol. 66 Issue 2, p223-234. 12p. 7 Color Photographs, 4 Black and White Photographs, 6 Charts, 4 Graphs. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Aluminum+cell%22">Aluminum cell</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+consumption%22">Energy consumption</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Aluminum+metallurgy%22">Aluminum metallurgy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anodes%22">Anodes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Smelting+furnaces%22">Smelting furnaces</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Companhia+Brasileira+de+Aluminio+%28Company%29%22">Companhia Brasileira de Aluminio (Company)</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: In the 1940s, the horizontal stud Søderberg cells were considered to be superior to the small 30-kA Hall prebake cells, which at that time operated at a lower current efficiency and higher energy consumption. The amperage was first increased on the Søderberg cells from 30 kA to 50-60 kA and then later to 90-120 kA by basically increasing the anode length and the number of anode studs. Due to the increase in demand for aluminum metal, the less expensive Søderberg smelters proliferated in the 1940s to the 1970s in North and South America. In the 1970s, 24 Søderberg smelters located in North and South America had a primary aluminum capacity over 3 million tpy. The largest operating Søderberg smelter, Companhia Brasileira de Aluminio, has a plant capacity over 470000 tpy and started the last new Søderberg potline in 2007. However, poor magnetics inherent with end-to-end Søderberg cell busbar design limited any further increase in amperage while the side-to-side prebake cells were able to operate more efficiently at 200 kA and higher. Compared with prebake technology, Søderberg cells are now less efficient and have higher production costs, they are more difficult to automate and they have the greatest environmental and health challenges. Health studies from the middle of the 1970s showing a clear link between Søderberg tar fume exposure and the incidence of various types of cancer lead companies to propose a program of replacement. As a result, today there are only five Søderberg smelters operating in North and South America with a capacity of <1 million tpy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of JOM: The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1007/s11837-013-0855-1 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 12 StartPage: 223 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Aluminum cell Type: general – SubjectFull: Energy consumption Type: general – SubjectFull: Aluminum metallurgy Type: general – SubjectFull: Anodes Type: general – SubjectFull: Smelting furnaces Type: general – SubjectFull: Companhia Brasileira de Aluminio (Company) Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: The Evolution of Søderberg Aluminum Cell Technology in North and South America. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Barber, Mike – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Tabereaux, Alton IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 02 Text: Feb2014 Type: published Y: 2014 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 10474838 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 66 – Type: issue Value: 2 Titles: – TitleFull: JOM: The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) Type: main |
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