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Salivary Immunoendocrine and Self-report Monitoring Profiles across an Elite-Level Professional Football Season.

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Title: Salivary Immunoendocrine and Self-report Monitoring Profiles across an Elite-Level Professional Football Season.
Authors: Springham, Matthew1,2 mattspringham@yahoo.com, Williams, Sean3 sw356@bath.ac.uk, Waldron, Mark4,5 mark.waldron@swansea.ac.uk, Strudwick, Anthony J.6 tstrudwick@faw.co.uk, Mclellan, Chris7 Chris.McLellan@usq.edu.au, Newton, Robert U.2 r.newton@ecu.edu.au
Source: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. May2021, Vol. 53 Issue 5, p918-927. 10p.
Subject Terms: *Self-evaluation, *Exercise physiology, *Employees' workload, Saliva analysis, Immunoglobulin analysis, Myalgia, Testosterone, Immune system, Muscle fatigue, Patient monitoring, Amylases, Sleep, Football, Hydrocortisone
Abstract: Purpose: This investigation examined the longitudinal changes and interrelationships of salivary and self-report monitoring measures across a professional football season. Methods: Measures were collected biweekly from 18 senior professional male players across a 6-wk preseason and eight 5-wk in-season mesocycles and analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. Results: Analysis identified a small (P = 0.003) cross-season suppression of salivary immunoglobulin A, small reductions to salivary α-amylase (P = 0.047) and salivary cortisol (P = 0.007), and trivial changes to salivary testosterone (P > 0.05). The testosterone/cortisol ratio typically responded inversely to changes in player workload. Self-report measures of fatigue (P = 0.030), sleep quality (P = 0.003), and muscle soreness (P = 0.005) improved (ES = small) across the first half of the season. Fatigue and sleep measures were most consistently related to hormonal measures (R 2 = 0.43–0.45). For these relationships, increases in cortisol were associated with compromised self-report responses, whereas increases in testosterone/cortisol were associated with improved responses. Nonlinear relationships were identified for fatigue with immunoglobulin A (P = 0.017; ES = trivial) and testosterone (P = 0.012; ES = trivial), for sleep quality with testosterone (P < 0.001; ES = trivial), for muscle soreness with testosterone (P = 0.012; ES = trivial), and for the self-report inventory sum with testosterone (P = 0.027; ES = trivial). For these relationships, self-report responses were optimal at mean immunoglobulin A and testosterone levels, and very low levels (−2 SD) exerted the most compromising effects. Conclusions: Players can experience a chronic cross-season suppression of mucosal immunity. Salivary immunoglobulin A, testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol measures relate to self-report measures of fatigue, sleep quality, and muscle soreness. In-season reductions in testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol or increases in cortisol among elite football players could be used to indicate the need for reduced workload, which might lead to improved well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Database: Education Research Complete
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Abstract:Purpose: This investigation examined the longitudinal changes and interrelationships of salivary and self-report monitoring measures across a professional football season. Methods: Measures were collected biweekly from 18 senior professional male players across a 6-wk preseason and eight 5-wk in-season mesocycles and analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. Results: Analysis identified a small (P = 0.003) cross-season suppression of salivary immunoglobulin A, small reductions to salivary α-amylase (P = 0.047) and salivary cortisol (P = 0.007), and trivial changes to salivary testosterone (P > 0.05). The testosterone/cortisol ratio typically responded inversely to changes in player workload. Self-report measures of fatigue (P = 0.030), sleep quality (P = 0.003), and muscle soreness (P = 0.005) improved (ES = small) across the first half of the season. Fatigue and sleep measures were most consistently related to hormonal measures (R 2 = 0.43–0.45). For these relationships, increases in cortisol were associated with compromised self-report responses, whereas increases in testosterone/cortisol were associated with improved responses. Nonlinear relationships were identified for fatigue with immunoglobulin A (P = 0.017; ES = trivial) and testosterone (P = 0.012; ES = trivial), for sleep quality with testosterone (P < 0.001; ES = trivial), for muscle soreness with testosterone (P = 0.012; ES = trivial), and for the self-report inventory sum with testosterone (P = 0.027; ES = trivial). For these relationships, self-report responses were optimal at mean immunoglobulin A and testosterone levels, and very low levels (−2 SD) exerted the most compromising effects. Conclusions: Players can experience a chronic cross-season suppression of mucosal immunity. Salivary immunoglobulin A, testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol measures relate to self-report measures of fatigue, sleep quality, and muscle soreness. In-season reductions in testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol or increases in cortisol among elite football players could be used to indicate the need for reduced workload, which might lead to improved well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:01959131
DOI:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002553