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Salivary Immunoendocrine and Self-report Monitoring Profiles across an Elite-Level Professional Football Season.

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Title: Salivary Immunoendocrine and Self-report Monitoring Profiles across an Elite-Level Professional Football Season.
Authors: Springham, Matthew1,2 mattspringham@yahoo.com, Williams, Sean3 sw356@bath.ac.uk, Waldron, Mark4,5 mark.waldron@swansea.ac.uk, Strudwick, Anthony J.6 tstrudwick@faw.co.uk, Mclellan, Chris7 Chris.McLellan@usq.edu.au, Newton, Robert U.2 r.newton@ecu.edu.au
Source: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. May2021, Vol. 53 Issue 5, p918-927. 10p.
Subject Terms: *Self-evaluation, *Exercise physiology, *Employees' workload, Saliva analysis, Immunoglobulin analysis, Myalgia, Testosterone, Immune system, Muscle fatigue, Patient monitoring, Amylases, Sleep, Football, Hydrocortisone
Abstract: Purpose: This investigation examined the longitudinal changes and interrelationships of salivary and self-report monitoring measures across a professional football season. Methods: Measures were collected biweekly from 18 senior professional male players across a 6-wk preseason and eight 5-wk in-season mesocycles and analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. Results: Analysis identified a small (P = 0.003) cross-season suppression of salivary immunoglobulin A, small reductions to salivary α-amylase (P = 0.047) and salivary cortisol (P = 0.007), and trivial changes to salivary testosterone (P > 0.05). The testosterone/cortisol ratio typically responded inversely to changes in player workload. Self-report measures of fatigue (P = 0.030), sleep quality (P = 0.003), and muscle soreness (P = 0.005) improved (ES = small) across the first half of the season. Fatigue and sleep measures were most consistently related to hormonal measures (R 2 = 0.43–0.45). For these relationships, increases in cortisol were associated with compromised self-report responses, whereas increases in testosterone/cortisol were associated with improved responses. Nonlinear relationships were identified for fatigue with immunoglobulin A (P = 0.017; ES = trivial) and testosterone (P = 0.012; ES = trivial), for sleep quality with testosterone (P < 0.001; ES = trivial), for muscle soreness with testosterone (P = 0.012; ES = trivial), and for the self-report inventory sum with testosterone (P = 0.027; ES = trivial). For these relationships, self-report responses were optimal at mean immunoglobulin A and testosterone levels, and very low levels (−2 SD) exerted the most compromising effects. Conclusions: Players can experience a chronic cross-season suppression of mucosal immunity. Salivary immunoglobulin A, testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol measures relate to self-report measures of fatigue, sleep quality, and muscle soreness. In-season reductions in testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol or increases in cortisol among elite football players could be used to indicate the need for reduced workload, which might lead to improved well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise is the property of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Salivary Immunoendocrine and Self-report Monitoring Profiles across an Elite-Level Professional Football Season.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Springham%2C+Matthew%22&quot;&gt;Springham, Matthew&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;i&gt; mattspringham@yahoo.com&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Williams%2C+Sean%22&quot;&gt;Williams, Sean&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;i&gt; sw356@bath.ac.uk&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Waldron%2C+Mark%22&quot;&gt;Waldron, Mark&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;4,5&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;i&gt; mark.waldron@swansea.ac.uk&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Strudwick%2C+Anthony+J%2E%22&quot;&gt;Strudwick, Anthony J.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;6&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;i&gt; tstrudwick@faw.co.uk&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Mclellan%2C+Chris%22&quot;&gt;Mclellan, Chris&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;7&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;i&gt; Chris.McLellan@usq.edu.au&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Newton%2C+Robert+U%2E%22&quot;&gt;Newton, Robert U.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;2&lt;/relatesTo&gt;&lt;i&gt; r.newton@ecu.edu.au&lt;/i&gt;
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Medicine+%26+Science+in+Sports+%26+Exercise%22&quot;&gt;Medicine &amp; Science in Sports &amp; Exercise&lt;/searchLink&gt;. May2021, Vol. 53 Issue 5, p918-927. 10p.
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  Data: *&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Self-evaluation%22&quot;&gt;Self-evaluation&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Exercise+physiology%22&quot;&gt;Exercise physiology&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Employees&#39;+workload%22&quot;&gt;Employees&#39; workload&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Saliva+analysis%22&quot;&gt;Saliva analysis&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Immunoglobulin+analysis%22&quot;&gt;Immunoglobulin analysis&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Myalgia%22&quot;&gt;Myalgia&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Testosterone%22&quot;&gt;Testosterone&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Immune+system%22&quot;&gt;Immune system&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Muscle+fatigue%22&quot;&gt;Muscle fatigue&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Patient+monitoring%22&quot;&gt;Patient monitoring&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Amylases%22&quot;&gt;Amylases&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Sleep%22&quot;&gt;Sleep&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Football%22&quot;&gt;Football&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;DE&quot; term=&quot;%22Hydrocortisone%22&quot;&gt;Hydrocortisone&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: This investigation examined the longitudinal changes and interrelationships of salivary and self-report monitoring measures across a professional football season. Methods: Measures were collected biweekly from 18 senior professional male players across a 6-wk preseason and eight 5-wk in-season mesocycles and analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. Results: Analysis identified a small (P = 0.003) cross-season suppression of salivary immunoglobulin A, small reductions to salivary α-amylase (P = 0.047) and salivary cortisol (P = 0.007), and trivial changes to salivary testosterone (P &gt; 0.05). The testosterone/cortisol ratio typically responded inversely to changes in player workload. Self-report measures of fatigue (P = 0.030), sleep quality (P = 0.003), and muscle soreness (P = 0.005) improved (ES = small) across the first half of the season. Fatigue and sleep measures were most consistently related to hormonal measures (R 2 = 0.43–0.45). For these relationships, increases in cortisol were associated with compromised self-report responses, whereas increases in testosterone/cortisol were associated with improved responses. Nonlinear relationships were identified for fatigue with immunoglobulin A (P = 0.017; ES = trivial) and testosterone (P = 0.012; ES = trivial), for sleep quality with testosterone (P &lt; 0.001; ES = trivial), for muscle soreness with testosterone (P = 0.012; ES = trivial), and for the self-report inventory sum with testosterone (P = 0.027; ES = trivial). For these relationships, self-report responses were optimal at mean immunoglobulin A and testosterone levels, and very low levels (−2 SD) exerted the most compromising effects. Conclusions: Players can experience a chronic cross-season suppression of mucosal immunity. Salivary immunoglobulin A, testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol measures relate to self-report measures of fatigue, sleep quality, and muscle soreness. In-season reductions in testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol or increases in cortisol among elite football players could be used to indicate the need for reduced workload, which might lead to improved well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports &amp; Exercise is the property of Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002553
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 10
        StartPage: 918
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Self-evaluation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Exercise physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Employees' workload
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Saliva analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Immunoglobulin analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Myalgia
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Testosterone
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Immune system
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Muscle fatigue
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Patient monitoring
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Amylases
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sleep
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Football
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hydrocortisone
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Salivary Immunoendocrine and Self-report Monitoring Profiles across an Elite-Level Professional Football Season.
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            NameFull: Springham, Matthew
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            NameFull: Williams, Sean
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            NameFull: Waldron, Mark
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            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2021
              Type: published
              Y: 2021
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              Value: 01959131
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              Value: 53
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              Value: 5
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