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The Neural Circuitry Underlying the "Rhythm Effect" in Stuttering.

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Title: The Neural Circuitry Underlying the "Rhythm Effect" in Stuttering.
Authors: Frankford, Saul A.1 sfrankford@meei.harvard.edu, Murray, Elizabeth S. Heller1, Masapollo, Matthew1, Cai, Shanqing1, Tourville, Jason A.1, Nieto-Castañón, Alfonso1, Guenther, Frank H.1,2,3,4
Source: Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research. 2021 Supplement, Vol. 64, p2325-2346. 22p. 5 Diagrams, 6 Charts, 1 Map.
Subject Terms: *Language rhythm, *Stuttering, *Sentences (Grammar), *Neurophysiology, Neural circuitry, Tempo (Phonetics), Task performance, Cerebellum, Prefrontal cortex, Magnetic resonance imaging, Functional connectivity, Regression analysis, Functional assessment, Speech
Abstract: Purpose: Stuttering is characterized by intermittent speech disfluencies, which are dramatically reduced when speakers synchronize their speech with a steady beat. The goal of this study was to characterize the neural underpinnings of this phenomenon using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Method: Data were collected from 16 adults who stutter and 17 adults who do not stutter while they read sentences aloud either in a normal, self-paced fashion or paced by the beat of a series of isochronous tones ("rhythmic"). Task activation and task-based functional connectivity analyses were carried out to compare neural responses between speaking conditions and groups after controlling for speaking rate. Results: Adults who stutter produced fewer disfluent trials in the rhythmic condition than in the normal condition. Adults who stutter did not have any significant changes in activation between the rhythmic condition and the normal condition, but when groups were collapsed, participants had greater activation in the rhythmic condition in regions associated with speech sequencing, sensory feedback control, and timing perception. Adults who stutter also demonstrated increased functional connectivity among cerebellar regions during rhythmic speech as compared to normal speech and decreased connectivity between the left inferior cerebellum and the left prefrontal cortex. Conclusions: Modulation of connectivity in the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex during rhythmic speech suggests that this fluency-inducing technique activates a compensatory timing system in the cerebellum and potentially modulates top-down motor control and attentional systems. These findings corroborate previous work associating the cerebellum with fluency in adults who stutter and indicate that the cerebellum may be targeted to enhance future therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Education Research Complete
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  Data: The Neural Circuitry Underlying the "Rhythm Effect" in Stuttering.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Frankford%2C+Saul+A%2E%22">Frankford, Saul A.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> sfrankford@meei.harvard.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Murray%2C+Elizabeth+S%2E+Heller%22">Murray, Elizabeth S. Heller</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Masapollo%2C+Matthew%22">Masapollo, Matthew</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cai%2C+Shanqing%22">Cai, Shanqing</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tourville%2C+Jason+A%2E%22">Tourville, Jason A.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nieto-Castañón%2C+Alfonso%22">Nieto-Castañón, Alfonso</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Guenther%2C+Frank+H%2E%22">Guenther, Frank H.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3,4</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Speech%2C+Language+%26+Hearing+Research%22">Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research</searchLink>. 2021 Supplement, Vol. 64, p2325-2346. 22p. 5 Diagrams, 6 Charts, 1 Map.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Language+rhythm%22">Language rhythm</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Stuttering%22">Stuttering</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sentences+%28Grammar%29%22">Sentences (Grammar)</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neurophysiology%22">Neurophysiology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neural+circuitry%22">Neural circuitry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tempo+%28Phonetics%29%22">Tempo (Phonetics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Task+performance%22">Task performance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cerebellum%22">Cerebellum</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Prefrontal+cortex%22">Prefrontal cortex</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Magnetic+resonance+imaging%22">Magnetic resonance imaging</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Functional+connectivity%22">Functional connectivity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Regression+analysis%22">Regression analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Functional+assessment%22">Functional assessment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Speech%22">Speech</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: Stuttering is characterized by intermittent speech disfluencies, which are dramatically reduced when speakers synchronize their speech with a steady beat. The goal of this study was to characterize the neural underpinnings of this phenomenon using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Method: Data were collected from 16 adults who stutter and 17 adults who do not stutter while they read sentences aloud either in a normal, self-paced fashion or paced by the beat of a series of isochronous tones ("rhythmic"). Task activation and task-based functional connectivity analyses were carried out to compare neural responses between speaking conditions and groups after controlling for speaking rate. Results: Adults who stutter produced fewer disfluent trials in the rhythmic condition than in the normal condition. Adults who stutter did not have any significant changes in activation between the rhythmic condition and the normal condition, but when groups were collapsed, participants had greater activation in the rhythmic condition in regions associated with speech sequencing, sensory feedback control, and timing perception. Adults who stutter also demonstrated increased functional connectivity among cerebellar regions during rhythmic speech as compared to normal speech and decreased connectivity between the left inferior cerebellum and the left prefrontal cortex. Conclusions: Modulation of connectivity in the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex during rhythmic speech suggests that this fluency-inducing technique activates a compensatory timing system in the cerebellum and potentially modulates top-down motor control and attentional systems. These findings corroborate previous work associating the cerebellum with fluency in adults who stutter and indicate that the cerebellum may be targeted to enhance future therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1044/2021_JSLHR-20-00328
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Language rhythm
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Stuttering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sentences (Grammar)
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      – SubjectFull: Neurophysiology
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      – SubjectFull: Neural circuitry
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      – SubjectFull: Speech
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