Skin in the Game: A Policy Implementation Study of How School-Level Bureaucrats Set and Rationalize Advanced Placement Exam Fees for Low-Income Students.
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| Title: | Skin in the Game: A Policy Implementation Study of How School-Level Bureaucrats Set and Rationalize Advanced Placement Exam Fees for Low-Income Students. |
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| Authors: | Rodriguez, Awilda1,2 (AUTHOR) awilda.rodriguez@gmail.com, Rodriguez-Wilhelm, Davinia1 (AUTHOR), Lebioda, Katherine1 (AUTHOR), Kapp, Reuben1 (AUTHOR), Wilson, Nicole1 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Research in Higher Education. May2022, Vol. 63 Issue 3, p369-399. 31p. 3 Charts, 1 Graph. |
| Subject Terms: | *Low-income students, *Low-income college students, *School employees, *Bureaucracy, Administrative fees, Accounting exams |
| Geographic Terms: | Michigan |
| Abstract: | As part of their strategies to increase college readiness and reduce educational inequalities, at least 29 states subsidize Advanced Placement (AP) exam fees for low-income students. However, while Michigan's state-level policy subsidized low-income student exams to $5 per exam, we found wide-ranging fee structures at high schools—from $0 to $50. Through a lens of policy implementation theory and using an embedded case study approach, this study examined this disjuncture between the state and school policies using interview data from 33 school personnel—counselors, AP Coordinators, administrators—in 31 high schools and state personnel in Michigan; state policy artifacts; and publicly available school data. We identified three major challenges—many schools hedged and set higher fees because they were unsure how much the legislature would approve each year; the state subsidy did not account for additional exam costs (e.g., exam proctors) that were passed down to the student; and the policy as written lacked enforceability and accountability. Policymakers were largely unaware of the amount schools ultimately charged low-income students. In the presence of an ambiguous policy and constrained resources, school personnel relied on their personal perspectives on fees and behavior (e.g., the need to reduce moral hazard and increase "skin in the game") to rationalize low-income students fees. Together, these findings help explain how low-income students pay vastly different AP exam fees depending on the high school they attend in Michigan—with some schools severely impeding low-income students' college preparatory opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Research in Higher Education is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Education Research Complete |
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| Header | DbId: ehh DbLabel: Education Research Complete An: 156747559 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Skin in the Game: A Policy Implementation Study of How School-Level Bureaucrats Set and Rationalize Advanced Placement Exam Fees for Low-Income Students. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rodriguez%2C+Awilda%22">Rodriguez, Awilda</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> awilda.rodriguez@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rodriguez-Wilhelm%2C+Davinia%22">Rodriguez-Wilhelm, Davinia</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lebioda%2C+Katherine%22">Lebioda, Katherine</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kapp%2C+Reuben%22">Kapp, Reuben</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wilson%2C+Nicole%22">Wilson, Nicole</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Research+in+Higher+Education%22">Research in Higher Education</searchLink>. May2022, Vol. 63 Issue 3, p369-399. 31p. 3 Charts, 1 Graph. – Name: Subject Label: Subject Terms Group: Su Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Low-income+students%22">Low-income students</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Low-income+college+students%22">Low-income college students</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22School+employees%22">School employees</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bureaucracy%22">Bureaucracy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Administrative+fees%22">Administrative fees</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Accounting+exams%22">Accounting exams</searchLink> – Name: SubjectGeographic Label: Geographic Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Michigan%22">Michigan</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: As part of their strategies to increase college readiness and reduce educational inequalities, at least 29 states subsidize Advanced Placement (AP) exam fees for low-income students. However, while Michigan's state-level policy subsidized low-income student exams to $5 per exam, we found wide-ranging fee structures at high schools—from $0 to $50. Through a lens of policy implementation theory and using an embedded case study approach, this study examined this disjuncture between the state and school policies using interview data from 33 school personnel—counselors, AP Coordinators, administrators—in 31 high schools and state personnel in Michigan; state policy artifacts; and publicly available school data. We identified three major challenges—many schools hedged and set higher fees because they were unsure how much the legislature would approve each year; the state subsidy did not account for additional exam costs (e.g., exam proctors) that were passed down to the student; and the policy as written lacked enforceability and accountability. Policymakers were largely unaware of the amount schools ultimately charged low-income students. In the presence of an ambiguous policy and constrained resources, school personnel relied on their personal perspectives on fees and behavior (e.g., the need to reduce moral hazard and increase "skin in the game") to rationalize low-income students fees. Together, these findings help explain how low-income students pay vastly different AP exam fees depending on the high school they attend in Michigan—with some schools severely impeding low-income students' college preparatory opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Research in Higher Education is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1007/s11162-021-09652-w Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 31 StartPage: 369 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Low-income students Type: general – SubjectFull: Low-income college students Type: general – SubjectFull: School employees Type: general – SubjectFull: Bureaucracy Type: general – SubjectFull: Administrative fees Type: general – SubjectFull: Accounting exams Type: general – SubjectFull: Michigan Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Skin in the Game: A Policy Implementation Study of How School-Level Bureaucrats Set and Rationalize Advanced Placement Exam Fees for Low-Income Students. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Rodriguez, Awilda – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Rodriguez-Wilhelm, Davinia – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Lebioda, Katherine – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Kapp, Reuben – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Wilson, Nicole IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 05 Text: May2022 Type: published Y: 2022 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 03610365 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 63 – Type: issue Value: 3 Titles: – TitleFull: Research in Higher Education Type: main |
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