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A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Entrepreneurs' Gender on their Access to Bank Finance.

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Title: A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Entrepreneurs' Gender on their Access to Bank Finance.
Authors: Malmström, Malin1 (AUTHOR) malin.malmstrom@ltu.se, Burkhard, Barbara2 (AUTHOR), Sirén, Charlotta3 (AUTHOR), Shepherd, Dean4 (AUTHOR), Wincent, Joakim5,6 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Business Ethics. Jul2024, Vol. 192 Issue 4, p803-820. 18p.
Subject Terms: *Gender inequality, Discrimination in banking, Businesswomen, Sex discrimination against women, Entrepreneurship, Business ethics
Abstract: This meta-analysis of 31 studies over 20 years advances our understanding of the gender gap in entrepreneurial bank finance. Findings from previous research on the relationship between entrepreneurs' gender and bank financing are mixed, which suggests the need to pay particular attention to entrepreneurs' social context. In this study, we develop a model of how social gender norms explain variation in women entrepreneurs' (vis-à-vis men entrepreneurs') access to bank finance. Specifically, we theorize how women's formal (their nations' political ideologies) and informal (women's empowerment) social standing within their societies influence gender discrimination in entrepreneurial bank financing. Consistent with most previous studies, our baseline results show that women entrepreneurs' business loan applications are rejected to a greater extent than men entrepreneurs' loan applications. Women entrepreneurs also pay higher interest rates on loans than men entrepreneurs. Further, in societies dominated by a conservative (rather than a liberal) political ideology, the positive relationship between women entrepreneurs and loan interest rates is more positive. Interestingly, gender discrimination in loan rejection and interest rates is magnified in societies with greater women's empowerment. Taking a social gender-norm perspective, our analysis establishes a gender gap in entrepreneurial bank finance, and we outline an agenda for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Business Ethics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Entrepreneurs' Gender on their Access to Bank Finance.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Malmström%2C+Malin%22">Malmström, Malin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> malin.malmstrom@ltu.se</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Burkhard%2C+Barbara%22">Burkhard, Barbara</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sirén%2C+Charlotta%22">Sirén, Charlotta</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shepherd%2C+Dean%22">Shepherd, Dean</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wincent%2C+Joakim%22">Wincent, Joakim</searchLink><relatesTo>5,6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Business+Ethics%22">Journal of Business Ethics</searchLink>. Jul2024, Vol. 192 Issue 4, p803-820. 18p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gender+inequality%22">Gender inequality</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Discrimination+in+banking%22">Discrimination in banking</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Businesswomen%22">Businesswomen</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sex+discrimination+against+women%22">Sex discrimination against women</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Entrepreneurship%22">Entrepreneurship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Business+ethics%22">Business ethics</searchLink>
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  Data: This meta-analysis of 31 studies over 20 years advances our understanding of the gender gap in entrepreneurial bank finance. Findings from previous research on the relationship between entrepreneurs' gender and bank financing are mixed, which suggests the need to pay particular attention to entrepreneurs' social context. In this study, we develop a model of how social gender norms explain variation in women entrepreneurs' (vis-à-vis men entrepreneurs') access to bank finance. Specifically, we theorize how women's formal (their nations' political ideologies) and informal (women's empowerment) social standing within their societies influence gender discrimination in entrepreneurial bank financing. Consistent with most previous studies, our baseline results show that women entrepreneurs' business loan applications are rejected to a greater extent than men entrepreneurs' loan applications. Women entrepreneurs also pay higher interest rates on loans than men entrepreneurs. Further, in societies dominated by a conservative (rather than a liberal) political ideology, the positive relationship between women entrepreneurs and loan interest rates is more positive. Interestingly, gender discrimination in loan rejection and interest rates is magnified in societies with greater women's empowerment. Taking a social gender-norm perspective, our analysis establishes a gender gap in entrepreneurial bank finance, and we outline an agenda for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Business Ethics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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              Text: Jul2024
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