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Reasoning From Quantified Modal Premises.

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Title: Reasoning From Quantified Modal Premises.
Authors: Quelhas, Ana Cristina1 (AUTHOR) cquelhas@ispa.pt, Rasga, Célia1,2 (AUTHOR), Johnson‐Laird, P. N.3,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Cognitive Science. Aug2024, Vol. 48 Issue 8, p1-42. 42p.
Subject Terms: Modal logic, Computer scientists, Model theory, Prediction theory, Syllogism
Abstract: Quantified modal inferences interest logicians, linguists, and computer scientists, but no previous psychological study of them appears to be in the literature. Here is an example of one: All those artists are businessmen. Paulo is possibly one of the artists. What follows? People tend to conclude: Paulo is possibly a businessman (Experiment 1). It seems plausible, and it follows from an intuitive mental model in which Paulo is one of a set of artists who are businessmen. Further deliberation can yield a model of an alternative possibility in which Paulo is not one of the artists, which confirms that the conclusion is only a possibility. The snag is that standard modal logics, which deal with possibilities, cannot yield a particular conclusion to any premises: Infinitely many follow validly (from any premises) but they do not include the present conclusion. Yet, further experiments corroborated a new mental model theory's predictions for various inferences (Experiment 2), for the occurrence of factual conclusions drawn from premises about possibilities (Experiment 3) and for inferences from premises of modal syllogisms (Experiment 4). The theory is therefore plausible, but we explore the feasibility of a cognitive theory based on modifications to modal logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Cognitive Science is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Reasoning From Quantified Modal Premises.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Quelhas%2C+Ana+Cristina%22">Quelhas, Ana Cristina</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> cquelhas@ispa.pt</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rasga%2C+Célia%22">Rasga, Célia</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Johnson‐Laird%2C+P%2E+N%2E%22">Johnson‐Laird, P. N.</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Modal+logic%22">Modal logic</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+scientists%22">Computer scientists</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Model+theory%22">Model theory</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Prediction+theory%22">Prediction theory</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Syllogism%22">Syllogism</searchLink>
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  Group: Ab
  Data: Quantified modal inferences interest logicians, linguists, and computer scientists, but no previous psychological study of them appears to be in the literature. Here is an example of one: All those artists are businessmen. Paulo is possibly one of the artists. What follows? People tend to conclude: Paulo is possibly a businessman (Experiment 1). It seems plausible, and it follows from an intuitive mental model in which Paulo is one of a set of artists who are businessmen. Further deliberation can yield a model of an alternative possibility in which Paulo is not one of the artists, which confirms that the conclusion is only a possibility. The snag is that standard modal logics, which deal with possibilities, cannot yield a particular conclusion to any premises: Infinitely many follow validly (from any premises) but they do not include the present conclusion. Yet, further experiments corroborated a new mental model theory's predictions for various inferences (Experiment 2), for the occurrence of factual conclusions drawn from premises about possibilities (Experiment 3) and for inferences from premises of modal syllogisms (Experiment 4). The theory is therefore plausible, but we explore the feasibility of a cognitive theory based on modifications to modal logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Cognitive Science is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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              Text: Aug2024
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