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Influences of Attentional Focus on Across- and Within-Sentence Variability in Adults Who Do and Do Not Stutter.

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Title: Influences of Attentional Focus on Across- and Within-Sentence Variability in Adults Who Do and Do Not Stutter.
Authors: Bauerly, Kim R.1 kim.bauerly@med.uvm.edu, Jackson, Eric S.2
Source: Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research. Dec2024, Vol. 67 Issue 12, p4676-4688. 13p.
Subject Terms: *Data analysis, *Stuttering, *Attention, *Speech evaluation, *Adults, Patient autonomy, Mouth, Speech, Research funding, Sensory stimulation, Kinematics, Interviewing, Descriptive statistics, Virtual reality, Physiological aspects of speech, Statistical reliability, Psychological stress, Social skills, Statistics, Data analysis software, Lips, Regression analysis
Abstract: Purpose: Research has found an advantage to maintaining an external attentional focus while speaking as an increase in accuracy and a decrease in across-sentence variability has been found when producing oral-motor and speech tasks. What is not clear is how attention affects articulatory variability both across and within sentences, or how attention affects articulatory control in speakers who stutter. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an internal versus external attention focus on articulatory variability at the sentence level. Method: This study used linear (spatial-temporal index [STI]) and nonlinear (recurrence quantification analysis [RQA]) indices to measure lip aperture variability in 10 adults who stutter (AWS) and 15 adults who do not stutter (ANS) while they repeated sentences under an internal versus external attentional focus, virtual reality task (withVR.app; retrieved December 2023 from https://therapy.withvr. app). Four RQA measures were used to calculate within sentence variability including percent recurrence, percent determinism (%DET), stability (MAXLINE), and stationarity (TREND). Sentence duration measures were also obtained. Results: AWS' movement durations were significantly longer than those of the ANS across conditions, and the AWS were more affected by the attentional focus shifts as their speech rate significantly increased when speaking with an external focus. AWS' speech patterns were also significantly more deterministic (%DET) and stable (MAXLINE) across attentional focus conditions compared to those of the ANS. Both groups showed an effect from attentional shifts as they exhibited less variability (i.e., more consistent) across sentences (STI) and less determinism (%DET) and stability (MAXLINE) within sentences when repeating sentences under an external attentional focus. STI values were not significantly different between the AWS and ANS for the internal or external attentional focus tasks. There were no significant main effects for group or condition for TREND; however, a main effect for sentence type was found. Conclusion: Results suggest that AWS use a more restrictive and less flexible approach to movement and that an external focus fosters more flexibility and thus responsiveness to external factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Education Research Complete
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  Data: Influences of Attentional Focus on Across- and Within-Sentence Variability in Adults Who Do and Do Not Stutter.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bauerly%2C+Kim+R%2E%22">Bauerly, Kim R.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> kim.bauerly@med.uvm.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jackson%2C+Eric+S%2E%22">Jackson, Eric S.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Speech%2C+Language+%26+Hearing+Research%22">Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research</searchLink>. Dec2024, Vol. 67 Issue 12, p4676-4688. 13p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+analysis%22">Data analysis</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Stuttering%22">Stuttering</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Attention%22">Attention</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Speech+evaluation%22">Speech evaluation</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Adults%22">Adults</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Patient+autonomy%22">Patient autonomy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mouth%22">Mouth</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Speech%22">Speech</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+funding%22">Research funding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sensory+stimulation%22">Sensory stimulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Kinematics%22">Kinematics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interviewing%22">Interviewing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Virtual+reality%22">Virtual reality</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physiological+aspects+of+speech%22">Physiological aspects of speech</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistical+reliability%22">Statistical reliability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychological+stress%22">Psychological stress</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+skills%22">Social skills</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistics%22">Statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+analysis+software%22">Data analysis software</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lips%22">Lips</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Regression+analysis%22">Regression analysis</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: Research has found an advantage to maintaining an external attentional focus while speaking as an increase in accuracy and a decrease in across-sentence variability has been found when producing oral-motor and speech tasks. What is not clear is how attention affects articulatory variability both across and within sentences, or how attention affects articulatory control in speakers who stutter. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an internal versus external attention focus on articulatory variability at the sentence level. Method: This study used linear (spatial-temporal index [STI]) and nonlinear (recurrence quantification analysis [RQA]) indices to measure lip aperture variability in 10 adults who stutter (AWS) and 15 adults who do not stutter (ANS) while they repeated sentences under an internal versus external attentional focus, virtual reality task (withVR.app; retrieved December 2023 from https://therapy.withvr. app). Four RQA measures were used to calculate within sentence variability including percent recurrence, percent determinism (%DET), stability (MAXLINE), and stationarity (TREND). Sentence duration measures were also obtained. Results: AWS' movement durations were significantly longer than those of the ANS across conditions, and the AWS were more affected by the attentional focus shifts as their speech rate significantly increased when speaking with an external focus. AWS' speech patterns were also significantly more deterministic (%DET) and stable (MAXLINE) across attentional focus conditions compared to those of the ANS. Both groups showed an effect from attentional shifts as they exhibited less variability (i.e., more consistent) across sentences (STI) and less determinism (%DET) and stability (MAXLINE) within sentences when repeating sentences under an external attentional focus. STI values were not significantly different between the AWS and ANS for the internal or external attentional focus tasks. There were no significant main effects for group or condition for TREND; however, a main effect for sentence type was found. Conclusion: Results suggest that AWS use a more restrictive and less flexible approach to movement and that an external focus fosters more flexibility and thus responsiveness to external factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=ehh&AN=181519707
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1044/2024_JSLHR-24-00256
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Stuttering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Attention
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Speech evaluation
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      – SubjectFull: Adults
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      – SubjectFull: Patient autonomy
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      – SubjectFull: Mouth
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      – SubjectFull: Speech
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      – SubjectFull: Research funding
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      – SubjectFull: Statistical reliability
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      – SubjectFull: Social skills
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      – SubjectFull: Statistics
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      – SubjectFull: Data analysis software
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      – SubjectFull: Lips
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      – SubjectFull: Regression analysis
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      – TitleFull: Influences of Attentional Focus on Across- and Within-Sentence Variability in Adults Who Do and Do Not Stutter.
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              Text: Dec2024
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