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Is Pitch Height or Pitch Contour a Challenge? Production of Mandarin Tones in Hani-Mandarin Bilingual Children.

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Title: Is Pitch Height or Pitch Contour a Challenge? Production of Mandarin Tones in Hani-Mandarin Bilingual Children.
Authors: Aliang Li1 lialiang0908@126.com
Source: Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research. Jul2025, Vol. 68 Issue 7, p3133-3154. 22p.
Subject Terms: *Consonants, *Speech evaluation, *Comparative studies, *Language acquisition, Multilingualism in children, Cross-sectional method, Vowels, Musical perception, Descriptive statistics, Physiological aspects of speech, Phonetics, Data analysis software, Musical pitch
Geographic Terms: China
Abstract: Purpose: The study aimed to determine the relative difficulty of Mandarin tone production in a classroom setting for native Hani-speaking children and to explore whether these bilingual children's tone production follows the same patterns observed in Mandarin monolingual children. Method: This study investigates Mandarin tone production in Hani-Mandarin bilinguals (n = 30) compared to Mandarin monolinguals (n = 20) using Growth Curve Modeling to analyze differences in pitch height and pitch contour between second language (L2) and first language (L1) Mandarin children. Results: Hani-Mandarin bilinguals produce Mandarin tones with distinct acoustic patterns compared to monolinguals: Hani-Mandarin bilingual children's Tone (T)1 and T4 differ from Mandarin monolingual children in pitch height, while T2 and T3 differ from Mandarin children in pitch contour. Hani-Mandarin bilinguals occasionally pronounce T3 as T2 or vice versa, displaying a bidirectional confusion between T2 and T3. Conclusions: L1 experience significantly influences L2 tone production. Bilingual children with a tonal L1 produce tones with higher static pitch targets similar to monolingual children, regardless of the differences between the L1 and L2 tonal systems. Complex pitch contours and laryngeal muscle activation patterns in L2 tones may hinder tone acquisition for both bilingual and even nativespeaking children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Education Research Complete
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  Data: Is Pitch Height or Pitch Contour a Challenge? Production of Mandarin Tones in Hani-Mandarin Bilingual Children.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22China%22">China</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: The study aimed to determine the relative difficulty of Mandarin tone production in a classroom setting for native Hani-speaking children and to explore whether these bilingual children's tone production follows the same patterns observed in Mandarin monolingual children. Method: This study investigates Mandarin tone production in Hani-Mandarin bilinguals (n = 30) compared to Mandarin monolinguals (n = 20) using Growth Curve Modeling to analyze differences in pitch height and pitch contour between second language (L2) and first language (L1) Mandarin children. Results: Hani-Mandarin bilinguals produce Mandarin tones with distinct acoustic patterns compared to monolinguals: Hani-Mandarin bilingual children's Tone (T)1 and T4 differ from Mandarin monolingual children in pitch height, while T2 and T3 differ from Mandarin children in pitch contour. Hani-Mandarin bilinguals occasionally pronounce T3 as T2 or vice versa, displaying a bidirectional confusion between T2 and T3. Conclusions: L1 experience significantly influences L2 tone production. Bilingual children with a tonal L1 produce tones with higher static pitch targets similar to monolingual children, regardless of the differences between the L1 and L2 tonal systems. Complex pitch contours and laryngeal muscle activation patterns in L2 tones may hinder tone acquisition for both bilingual and even nativespeaking children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research is the property of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1044/2025_JSLHR-24-00810
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        StartPage: 3133
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      – SubjectFull: Consonants
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Speech evaluation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Comparative studies
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Language acquisition
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Multilingualism in children
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cross-sectional method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Vowels
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Musical perception
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Physiological aspects of speech
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phonetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data analysis software
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Musical pitch
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: China
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Is Pitch Height or Pitch Contour a Challenge? Production of Mandarin Tones in Hani-Mandarin Bilingual Children.
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              M: 07
              Text: Jul2025
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              Y: 2025
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