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Parental Discipline and Self-Regulation in Children Aged 2 to 5: A Meta-Analysis of Research Conducted From 2000 to 2022.

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Title: Parental Discipline and Self-Regulation in Children Aged 2 to 5: A Meta-Analysis of Research Conducted From 2000 to 2022.
Authors: Čepukienė, Viktorija1 viktorija.cepukiene@vdu.lt, Janulevičė, Julija2
Source: Child & Youth Care Forum. Aug2025, Vol. 54 Issue 4, p999-1023. 25p.
Subject Terms: *Parent-child relationships, *Parenting, *Discipline of children, *Children, Self-control, Meta-analysis, Descriptive statistics, Systematic reviews, MEDLINE, Psychology information storage & retrieval systems
Abstract: Background: Early childhood is essential for the rapid development of self-regulation systems, shaped by brain maturation and parental discipline. Inadequate discipline can hinder this development, leading to behavioral, social, and long-term negative outcomes. Objective: This meta-analysis synthesizes research conducted over the last two decades, a period marked by societal changes such as globalization and social media, to examine the association between parental discipline and self-regulation in early childhood. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using ScienceDirect, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Medline, and Scopus. Studies from 2000 to 2022 that focused on cross-sectional, survey-based analyses of parents and non-clinical children in toddlerhood and early childhood (aged 2–5) were included. This review involved 28 studies with 27,285 children and caregivers. Study sample sizes ranged from 55 to 12,474. The analysis followed PRISMA guidelines, extracting and synthesizing data accordingly. Results: The findings revealed small but consistent correlations between parental discipline and children's self-regulation. Both positive and negative discipline exhibited similar effect sizes, though with opposite outcomes. Negative discipline was linked to lower self-regulation, while positive discipline was associated with higher self-regulation. Additionally, the association between negative discipline and self-regulation diminished with child's age, as shown by meta-regression results. Conclusions: This study confirms that both forms of parental discipline are associated with children's self-regulation. Positive discipline fosters better outcomes, while negative discipline is associated to lower self-regulation. Although these effects are small, they highlight the importance of parental practices while acknowledging that other factors also contribute to children's self-regulation development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Child & Youth Care Forum is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Parental Discipline and Self-Regulation in Children Aged 2 to 5: A Meta-Analysis of Research Conducted From 2000 to 2022.
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  Data: Background: Early childhood is essential for the rapid development of self-regulation systems, shaped by brain maturation and parental discipline. Inadequate discipline can hinder this development, leading to behavioral, social, and long-term negative outcomes. Objective: This meta-analysis synthesizes research conducted over the last two decades, a period marked by societal changes such as globalization and social media, to examine the association between parental discipline and self-regulation in early childhood. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using ScienceDirect, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Medline, and Scopus. Studies from 2000 to 2022 that focused on cross-sectional, survey-based analyses of parents and non-clinical children in toddlerhood and early childhood (aged 2–5) were included. This review involved 28 studies with 27,285 children and caregivers. Study sample sizes ranged from 55 to 12,474. The analysis followed PRISMA guidelines, extracting and synthesizing data accordingly. Results: The findings revealed small but consistent correlations between parental discipline and children's self-regulation. Both positive and negative discipline exhibited similar effect sizes, though with opposite outcomes. Negative discipline was linked to lower self-regulation, while positive discipline was associated with higher self-regulation. Additionally, the association between negative discipline and self-regulation diminished with child's age, as shown by meta-regression results. Conclusions: This study confirms that both forms of parental discipline are associated with children's self-regulation. Positive discipline fosters better outcomes, while negative discipline is associated to lower self-regulation. Although these effects are small, they highlight the importance of parental practices while acknowledging that other factors also contribute to children's self-regulation development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Child & Youth Care Forum is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s10566-025-09854-8
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Parenting
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      – SubjectFull: Discipline of children
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      – SubjectFull: Children
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      – SubjectFull: Self-control
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      – SubjectFull: Meta-analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
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      – SubjectFull: Systematic reviews
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      – SubjectFull: MEDLINE
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      – SubjectFull: Psychology information storage & retrieval systems
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      – TitleFull: Parental Discipline and Self-Regulation in Children Aged 2 to 5: A Meta-Analysis of Research Conducted From 2000 to 2022.
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              Text: Aug2025
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