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Patterns of Alcohol Use and Daily Smoking Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Nepal.

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Title: Patterns of Alcohol Use and Daily Smoking Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Nepal.
Authors: Paudel, Kiran1,2, Gautam, Kamal1,3, Hossain Sujan, Md Safaet1, Adhikari, Prakash4, Bhusal, Sandesh1,2, Wickersham, Jeffrey A.5, Bhakta, K. C.6, Sapkota, Sabitri7, Dhakal, Manisha8, Adhikari, Tara Ballav2,9, Shrestha, Roman1,5 roman.shrestha@uconn.edu
Source: Journal of Community Health. Aug2025, Vol. 50 Issue 4, p638-645. 8p.
Subject Terms: *Employment, Cross-sectional method, Sex work, Substance abuse, Research funding, Income, Smoking, Multiple regression analysis, Criminals, Multivariate analysis, Descriptive statistics, Unsafe sex, Minority stress, Men who have sex with men, Surveys, Odds ratio, Statistics, Condoms, Alcohol drinking, Confidence intervals
Geographic Terms: Nepal
Abstract: Men who have sex with men (MSM) have an elevated risk of adverse health outcomes associated with alcohol use and smoking. Although substantial studies have been conducted globally, little is known about alcohol use and smoking among MSM in Nepal. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the prevalence and patterns of alcohol use and daily smoking among MSM in Nepal. A cross-sectional respondent-driven survey was conducted among MSM in Kathmandu, Nepal, between October and December 2022. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate independent correlates of alcohol use in the past 12 months and daily smoking. Among 250 participants (mean age 27.6 ± 8.9 years), 71.6% had consumed alcohol in the past 12 months, and 42% smoked daily in the last 30 days. MSM who had an income of less than NRs 20,000 (aOR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1–3.8), were single (aOR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1–3.8), employed (aOR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1–4.1), engaged in sex work (aOR: 3.5; 95% CI: 1.1–11.1), ever smoked (aOR: 5.1; 95% CI: 2.6–9.7), and who did not engage in condomless sex (aOR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1–4.5) were more likely to use alcohol in the past 12 months. Similarly, participants who were born in Bagmati province (aOR: 3.7; 95% CI: 1.8–7.6), and had a history of drug use (aOR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.3–5.7), and police detention (aOR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.3–9.2) were more likely to be involved in daily smoking. The findings underscore the necessity of MSM-specific alcohol and smoking cessation programs in Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Community Health is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Patterns of Alcohol Use and Daily Smoking Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Nepal.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Paudel%2C+Kiran%22">Paudel, Kiran</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gautam%2C+Kamal%22">Gautam, Kamal</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hossain+Sujan%2C+Md+Safaet%22">Hossain Sujan, Md Safaet</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Adhikari%2C+Prakash%22">Adhikari, Prakash</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bhusal%2C+Sandesh%22">Bhusal, Sandesh</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wickersham%2C+Jeffrey+A%2E%22">Wickersham, Jeffrey A.</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bhakta%2C+K%2E+C%2E%22">Bhakta, K. C.</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sapkota%2C+Sabitri%22">Sapkota, Sabitri</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dhakal%2C+Manisha%22">Dhakal, Manisha</searchLink><relatesTo>8</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Adhikari%2C+Tara+Ballav%22">Adhikari, Tara Ballav</searchLink><relatesTo>2,9</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shrestha%2C+Roman%22">Shrestha, Roman</searchLink><relatesTo>1,5</relatesTo><i> roman.shrestha@uconn.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Community+Health%22">Journal of Community Health</searchLink>. Aug2025, Vol. 50 Issue 4, p638-645. 8p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Employment%22">Employment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cross-sectional+method%22">Cross-sectional method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sex+work%22">Sex work</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Substance+abuse%22">Substance abuse</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+funding%22">Research funding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Income%22">Income</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Smoking%22">Smoking</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Multiple+regression+analysis%22">Multiple regression analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Criminals%22">Criminals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Multivariate+analysis%22">Multivariate analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Unsafe+sex%22">Unsafe sex</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Minority+stress%22">Minority stress</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Men+who+have+sex+with+men%22">Men who have sex with men</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surveys%22">Surveys</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Odds+ratio%22">Odds ratio</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistics%22">Statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Condoms%22">Condoms</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Alcohol+drinking%22">Alcohol drinking</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Confidence+intervals%22">Confidence intervals</searchLink>
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  Label: Geographic Terms
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nepal%22">Nepal</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Men who have sex with men (MSM) have an elevated risk of adverse health outcomes associated with alcohol use and smoking. Although substantial studies have been conducted globally, little is known about alcohol use and smoking among MSM in Nepal. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the prevalence and patterns of alcohol use and daily smoking among MSM in Nepal. A cross-sectional respondent-driven survey was conducted among MSM in Kathmandu, Nepal, between October and December 2022. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate independent correlates of alcohol use in the past 12 months and daily smoking. Among 250 participants (mean age 27.6 ± 8.9 years), 71.6% had consumed alcohol in the past 12 months, and 42% smoked daily in the last 30 days. MSM who had an income of less than NRs 20,000 (aOR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1–3.8), were single (aOR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1–3.8), employed (aOR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1–4.1), engaged in sex work (aOR: 3.5; 95% CI: 1.1–11.1), ever smoked (aOR: 5.1; 95% CI: 2.6–9.7), and who did not engage in condomless sex (aOR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1–4.5) were more likely to use alcohol in the past 12 months. Similarly, participants who were born in Bagmati province (aOR: 3.7; 95% CI: 1.8–7.6), and had a history of drug use (aOR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.3–5.7), and police detention (aOR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.3–9.2) were more likely to be involved in daily smoking. The findings underscore the necessity of MSM-specific alcohol and smoking cessation programs in Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Community Health is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s10900-025-01456-8
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Employment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cross-sectional method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sex work
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      – SubjectFull: Substance abuse
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      – SubjectFull: Research funding
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      – SubjectFull: Income
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Smoking
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      – SubjectFull: Multiple regression analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Criminals
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      – SubjectFull: Multivariate analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Men who have sex with men
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      – SubjectFull: Confidence intervals
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      – SubjectFull: Nepal
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