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Using correct word sequences to assess writing fluency in deaf learners.

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Title: Using correct word sequences to assess writing fluency in deaf learners.
Authors: Dostal, Hannah M1, Easterbrooks, Susan2
Source: Journal of Deaf Studies & Deaf Education. Oct2025, Vol. 30 Issue 4, p496-505. 10p.
Subject Terms: *Deafness in children, *Handwriting, *Research methodology evaluation, *Education of the deaf, *School children, *Research methodology, *Predictive validity, *Inter-observer reliability, *Evaluation, Task performance, Secondary analysis, T-test (Statistics), Research evaluation, Multiple regression analysis, Descriptive statistics, Intraclass correlation, Data analysis software, Confidence intervals
Abstract: While recent studies have highlighted promising deaf-centered instructional approaches and positive writing outcomes for deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students, there remains a gap in research on the validity of writing fluency assessments for DHH learners. This study examines the reliability and validity of the Correct Word Sequences (CWS) task as a measure of written fluency in DHH first and second graders, comparing it to the Woodcock-Johnson III Writing Fluency subtest (WJ-III WF). A sample of 64 children participated, and multiple linear regression models were used to assess the relationship between CWS and WJ-III WF scores across fall and spring semesters. Findings suggest that CWS is a reliable and valid measure of writing fluency for young DHH writers, offering a potential alternative or complement to existing assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Deaf Studies & Deaf Education is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Using correct word sequences to assess writing fluency in deaf learners.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dostal%2C+Hannah+M%22">Dostal, Hannah M</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Easterbrooks%2C+Susan%22">Easterbrooks, Susan</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Deaf+Studies+%26+Deaf+Education%22">Journal of Deaf Studies & Deaf Education</searchLink>. Oct2025, Vol. 30 Issue 4, p496-505. 10p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Deafness+in+children%22">Deafness in children</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Handwriting%22">Handwriting</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+methodology+evaluation%22">Research methodology evaluation</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Education+of+the+deaf%22">Education of the deaf</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22School+children%22">School children</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+methodology%22">Research methodology</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Predictive+validity%22">Predictive validity</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Inter-observer+reliability%22">Inter-observer reliability</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Evaluation%22">Evaluation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Task+performance%22">Task performance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Secondary+analysis%22">Secondary analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22T-test+%28Statistics%29%22">T-test (Statistics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+evaluation%22">Research evaluation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Multiple+regression+analysis%22">Multiple regression analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intraclass+correlation%22">Intraclass correlation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Data+analysis+software%22">Data analysis software</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Confidence+intervals%22">Confidence intervals</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: While recent studies have highlighted promising deaf-centered instructional approaches and positive writing outcomes for deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students, there remains a gap in research on the validity of writing fluency assessments for DHH learners. This study examines the reliability and validity of the Correct Word Sequences (CWS) task as a measure of written fluency in DHH first and second graders, comparing it to the Woodcock-Johnson III Writing Fluency subtest (WJ-III WF). A sample of 64 children participated, and multiple linear regression models were used to assess the relationship between CWS and WJ-III WF scores across fall and spring semesters. Findings suggest that CWS is a reliable and valid measure of writing fluency for young DHH writers, offering a potential alternative or complement to existing assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Deaf Studies & Deaf Education is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=ehh&AN=188154931
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        Value: 10.1093/jdsade/enaf041
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 10
        StartPage: 496
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Deafness in children
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Handwriting
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research methodology evaluation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Education of the deaf
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: School children
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research methodology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Predictive validity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Inter-observer reliability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Evaluation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Task performance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Secondary analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: T-test (Statistics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research evaluation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Multiple regression analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Intraclass correlation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data analysis software
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Confidence intervals
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Using correct word sequences to assess writing fluency in deaf learners.
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            NameFull: Dostal, Hannah M
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            NameFull: Easterbrooks, Susan
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            – D: 01
              M: 10
              Text: Oct2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 30
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              Value: 4
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Deaf Studies & Deaf Education
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