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Understanding the role of caregiver factors on ACE changes between male and female adolescents in Kinshasa, DRC: A five-wave linked longitudinal panel study.

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Title: Understanding the role of caregiver factors on ACE changes between male and female adolescents in Kinshasa, DRC: A five-wave linked longitudinal panel study.
Authors: Ramaiya, Astha1 (AUTHOR) aramaiy1@jhu.edu, Lulebo, Aimée2 (AUTHOR), Mafuta, Eric2 (AUTHOR), Malhotra, Gayatri1 (AUTHOR), Moreau, Caroline3 (AUTHOR), Page, Sabrina4 (AUTHOR), Sabri, Bushra5 (AUTHOR), George, Hanna3 (AUTHOR), Beckwith, Samuel6 (AUTHOR), Gupta, Jhumka7 (AUTHOR), Shirzad, Mahboubeh1 (AUTHOR), Li, Mengmeng3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Child Abuse & Neglect. Nov2025:Part 2, Vol. 169, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subject Terms: *Adverse childhood experiences, *Caregiver attitudes, *Teenagers, *Life change events, *Longitudinal method, Services for caregivers, Gender differences (Sociology)
Geographic Terms: Kinshasa (Congo), Congo (Democratic Republic)
Abstract: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are traumatic events occurring from ages 0–17 with adolescence a particularly vulnerable period for increased ACEs exposure. This study examines the role of caregivers in shaping ACE changes over time and how these influences differ by sex. Data were drawn from 1450 adolescents (1083 in-school, 367 out-of-school) in two under-resourced communes of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Adolescents were aged 10–14 at baseline (2017) and followed through 2022. ACEs were assessed by count (0,1,2,3,4+) and type (emotional, physical, sexual, witnessing domestic violence, household dysfunction) at Waves 1 (W1) and 5 (W5). Three caregiver factors from Wave 1 were included as confounders/effect modifiers. Weighted, ordered logistic regression and generalized estimating equations analyzed associations, stratified by gender. There was a significant change in ACEs between W1 and W5 (OR: 0.4, 95 % CI: 0.4–0.5). For males, caregiver closeness during W1 protected against physical maltreatment during W5 (OR: 0.7, 95 % CI: 0.6–0.99), and caregiver comfort during W1 was protective for domestic violence exposure during W5 (OR: 0.6, 95 % CI: 0.4–0.9). Additionally, lower caregiver monitoring at W1 was associated with greater ACEs change during W5 compared to higher caregiver monitoring. For females, caregiver comfort protected against household disruption (OR: 0.7, 95 % CI: 0.6–0.97). There was reduced odds of experiencing ACEs during W5 relative to W1, with caregiver factors playing a key role. Gender-stratified analyses highlight the need for tailored, strengths-based family interventions to mitigate ACEs and support adolescent well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Child Abuse & Neglect is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Education Research Complete
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DbLabel: Education Research Complete
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Understanding the role of caregiver factors on ACE changes between male and female adolescents in Kinshasa, DRC: A five-wave linked longitudinal panel study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ramaiya%2C+Astha%22">Ramaiya, Astha</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> aramaiy1@jhu.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lulebo%2C+Aimée%22">Lulebo, Aimée</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mafuta%2C+Eric%22">Mafuta, Eric</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Malhotra%2C+Gayatri%22">Malhotra, Gayatri</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Moreau%2C+Caroline%22">Moreau, Caroline</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Page%2C+Sabrina%22">Page, Sabrina</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sabri%2C+Bushra%22">Sabri, Bushra</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22George%2C+Hanna%22">George, Hanna</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Beckwith%2C+Samuel%22">Beckwith, Samuel</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gupta%2C+Jhumka%22">Gupta, Jhumka</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shirzad%2C+Mahboubeh%22">Shirzad, Mahboubeh</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Mengmeng%22">Li, Mengmeng</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Child+Abuse+%26+Neglect%22">Child Abuse & Neglect</searchLink>. Nov2025:Part 2, Vol. 169, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Adverse+childhood+experiences%22">Adverse childhood experiences</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Caregiver+attitudes%22">Caregiver attitudes</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Teenagers%22">Teenagers</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Life+change+events%22">Life change events</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Longitudinal+method%22">Longitudinal method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Services+for+caregivers%22">Services for caregivers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gender+differences+%28Sociology%29%22">Gender differences (Sociology)</searchLink>
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  Label: Geographic Terms
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Kinshasa+%28Congo%29%22">Kinshasa (Congo)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Congo+%28Democratic+Republic%29%22">Congo (Democratic Republic)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are traumatic events occurring from ages 0–17 with adolescence a particularly vulnerable period for increased ACEs exposure. This study examines the role of caregivers in shaping ACE changes over time and how these influences differ by sex. Data were drawn from 1450 adolescents (1083 in-school, 367 out-of-school) in two under-resourced communes of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Adolescents were aged 10–14 at baseline (2017) and followed through 2022. ACEs were assessed by count (0,1,2,3,4+) and type (emotional, physical, sexual, witnessing domestic violence, household dysfunction) at Waves 1 (W1) and 5 (W5). Three caregiver factors from Wave 1 were included as confounders/effect modifiers. Weighted, ordered logistic regression and generalized estimating equations analyzed associations, stratified by gender. There was a significant change in ACEs between W1 and W5 (OR: 0.4, 95 % CI: 0.4–0.5). For males, caregiver closeness during W1 protected against physical maltreatment during W5 (OR: 0.7, 95 % CI: 0.6–0.99), and caregiver comfort during W1 was protective for domestic violence exposure during W5 (OR: 0.6, 95 % CI: 0.4–0.9). Additionally, lower caregiver monitoring at W1 was associated with greater ACEs change during W5 compared to higher caregiver monitoring. For females, caregiver comfort protected against household disruption (OR: 0.7, 95 % CI: 0.6–0.97). There was reduced odds of experiencing ACEs during W5 relative to W1, with caregiver factors playing a key role. Gender-stratified analyses highlight the need for tailored, strengths-based family interventions to mitigate ACEs and support adolescent well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Child Abuse & Neglect is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=ehh&AN=189077344
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107645
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Adverse childhood experiences
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Caregiver attitudes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Teenagers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Life change events
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      – SubjectFull: Longitudinal method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Services for caregivers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gender differences (Sociology)
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      – SubjectFull: Kinshasa (Congo)
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      – SubjectFull: Congo (Democratic Republic)
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Understanding the role of caregiver factors on ACE changes between male and female adolescents in Kinshasa, DRC: A five-wave linked longitudinal panel study.
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              Text: Nov2025:Part 2
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